Chapter 11…We continue to learn a lot about the solar system by using space

exploration.

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4.09 Describe the effects of solar phenomena on Earth.

• Average sized star• Millions of km away• 300,000 more massive

then Earth• 99% of all mass in our

solar system• About 5 billon Years old

with 5 billion more to go!2

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4.10 Define and describe how the following phenomena affect life on Earth.

Include: 1. SUNSPOTSdark patches of slightly

cooler (3500°C) surface areas on the sun.

increase and decrease in number on an 11-yr cycle.

may be related to changes in the Earth’s climate .

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4.10 continued…

2. SOLAR FLARESeruptions of gas on

the suns surface can last a few hours temperatures

increase up to 11,000,000°C

Creates Solar Winds5

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3. Solar Winds• Located on the surface of

the sun and send high energy particles past Earth.

• Earth is protected from solar wind by magnetic field.

• Some particles enter the Earth’s atmosphere to create Auroras. (Northern/Southern lights)

4.10 continued…• Some solar winds can

disturb Earth’s magnetic field

• Solar winds can– disable satellites, – knock out power

lines,– expose astronauts to

high levels of radiation

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4.11 Describe the composition and characteristics of the following

components of the solar system. Include: 1. The sun 2. Terrestrial and gas planets 3. Dwarf planets (Pluto) 4. Periodicity of comets 5. Asteroids6. Meteors /meteorite/meteroid

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4.11 continued…

The sunDone in outcome 4.10

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4.11 continued…Terrestrial and Gaseous PlanetsTo be a planet you must…• orbit 1 or more stars• be large enough so its gravity holds it in place• be the only body in its orbital path

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Mercury

Mars

EarthVenus

Terrestrial Planets

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Terrestrial Planet…Mercury

Closest to the sunSmallest planetExtreme difference

between temperatures for day and night (4000C to -1830C)

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Terrestrial Planets…Venus

• Earth’s sister planet because of similar size and composition

• Atmosphere mostly CO2

• Very thick cloud made up of sulphuric acid rain

• Radar probe showed surface to have volcanoes, lava flows and areas that are flat

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Terrestrial planet…EarthHome to only known lifeSuitable temperature and

atmosphere for lifeWater in all 3 phasesTectonic activity, running

water and atmospheric conditions shape surface

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Terrestrial Planet…Mars

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• “Red Planet” because of large amounts of iron in surface

• Large volcano and dust storms

• Two polar ice caps made of CO2 and water

• Rover• Volcano 3x larger than Mt.

Everest• Two moons

Gaseous (Outer or Jovian) Planets

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Jupiter• Largest planet in solar

system• Giant Red Spot..raging

storms• Shortest day… 10 hours• 16-63 moons• Four large moons• Io with erupting

volcanoes 17

Giant Red Spot

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Jupiter’s Galilean moons

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Io’s Active Volcano

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Saturn Composed mainly of

hydrogen and helium Very large gas planet Highly visible rings Rings are formed

from ice particles rather than chunks of rock

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Saturn’s Satellites or moons• 18 to 62 moons

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Uranus• Composition similar to Jupiter and Saturn

• Blue color from methane gas

• Flipped on its side and appears to be rolling through its orbit

• 27-32 moons

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NeptuneOutermost planetSimilar

composition to saturn

Faint ring system13 to 18 moons

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NeptuneAtmosphere…

hydrogen, helium, methane, and ammonia

Blue color from methane gas

Dark blue spot seems to appear and disappear (possible storms) 25

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4.11 continued…

4.11 continued…

• A Comparison of 3 dwarf planets and Earth, notice some have moons and some don’t

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4.11 continued…

COMETS• “dirty snowballs”

composed of ice, rock and gas

• Originate from the Kuiper Belt and Oort Cloud

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4.11 continued…• Travel in long

elliptical orbits around the sun

• Affected by the gravitational pulls of other planets

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4.11 continued…• Develop a long dust

tail as sunlight starts to melt the ice

• Most famous is Halley’s comet which is visible every 76 years or so

• Sir Edmund Halley

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4.12 Compare and contrast the composition of the four inner rocky

(terrestrial) planets with the four outer gaseous (Jovian) planets.

• Check your notes and textbook

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4.13 Explain why Pluto is now called a dwarf planet.

• See notes

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4.14 Describe how Pluto differs from the other eight planets.

• See text and notes

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4.15 Describe the composition of comets.

• See notes and text

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4.16 Define periodicity as it relates to comets.

• "Period" is the amount of time it takes an object in orbit to return to its starting location.

• Comets travel in short and long periods around the sun in elliptical orbits

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The elliptical orbit of Halley’s Comet

4.17 Compare and contrast asteroid, meteor, and meteorite.

ASTEROIDS• Small bodies believed

to be the leftover remains of the formation of the Solar System

• Mostly found in an asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter

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4.17 continued…• They have irregular

shapes• Range in size from a

grain of sand up to 1000km

• An asteroid up to 1 km would devastate Earth

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4.17 continued…

Meteormeteoroid that burns up as it passes through Earths atmosphere seen as a shooting star

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4.17 continued…

Meteoroid Rocky chunks,

broken off an asteroid or planet

Floats through space

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4.17 continued…Meteorite meteoroid that

does not burn up fully in the Earths atmosphere

hits the Earths surface

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4.18 Define impact sites. • A place where a

relatively small object (meteorite) has collided with a larger object (planet)

• Circular depression in the surface of the larger object called an impact crater

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Formation of craters

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Sept, 2007 Peru

4.19 Provide examples of how the Canadian Government and /or Canadian Space Agency are involved in research

projects about space. • Research and development into devices that are

used in space.• Selecting and educating astronauts for the space

program• Partnership in building the International Space

Station • http://www.spaceistheplace.ca/hist.html

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4.20 List Canadian contributions and partnerships to space research and exploration. • The Canadarm 1

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4.20 continued…

• The International Space Station

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4.20 continued…• Canadian Space Remote Manipulator System

(SSRMS) or Canadarm 2

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4.20 continued…• Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator

(SPDM) or Canadahand

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4.21 Give examples of Canadian Astronauts.

Marc Garneau First Canadian

Astronaut in space in 1984

Flew three missions inspace

1984…Challenger1992…Endeavour1999…Endeavour

http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/space/topics/369/

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4.21 continued…Roberta Bondar The first Canadian

woman in space in 1992.

Mission on the Discovery in 1992

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N61Bv9lknIc&feature=fvw

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvZAio0zgoA

4.21 continued…Chris HadfieldFirst Canadian to walk inspaceTwo space missions:

1994…Atlantis2001…Endeavour

Appointment to Space Commander will become thefirst Canadian to commandspace station

51http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GIhsj8Fk6U&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAgqX3K0zto

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3Wq1F6zXCM&feature=related

4.22 Describe the science underlying some technologies designed to explore space.

RocketsSystem used to transport cargo and astronauts to spaceContains explosive fuels to create THRUSTRockets do NOT require astronauts to be onboard

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4.22 continued…

Space Suits Suit used by astronauts Provides oxygen Communication system Cooling system System to simulate air pressure on Earth’s

surface53

4.22 continued…Orbiting SatellitesElectronic devices in orbit around EarthGeosynchronous orbit…orbit is the same as Earth’sdirection and speed. Stationary above a fixed point onEarthRemote Sensing…collecting information about Earth

from satellites and aerial photographs

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4.22 continued…ProbesSpace vehicle sent to

other celestial bodiesFly past, orbit or land on

celestial bodiesExamples:

New Horizons (2006)Voyager 1 and 2

(1970s)55

4.22 continued…RoversProbes that take the place of astronautsPerform test, send backinformation, and mapsurface of celestial bodiesExamples:

Spirit (Mars)Opportunity (Mars) 56

4.22 continued…Optical TelescopeUse refracting andreflecting telescopes toexplore spaceDisadvantages:1.Cloudy weather2.Air and light pollution3.Distortion caused by

heat and atmosphere 57

4.22 continued…Radio TelescopesCollects wavelengths longer than light Radio signals are collected and focused on a

receiver.Signals are converted into electric impulses that can

be interpreted as data

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Water on the Moon• http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/video/2009/jul

/16/nasa-moon-landing• http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/nasa-moon-bo

mbing-lcross-probe-lunar-ice/story?id=8775640

• http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/water-moon-nasa-impact-probe/story?id=11939079

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• http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/video/2009/jul/16/nasa-moon-landing

• http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/nasa-moon-bombing-lcross-probe-lunar-ice/story?id=8775640

• http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/water-moon-nasa-impact-probe/story?id=11939079