Chapter 11.1: Heat Distorsion Resistance. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing....

Chapter 11.1: Heat Distorsion Resistance. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 11.1

loadingm

evaluation unith(T) or (T)

temperature sensor

heat transfermedium

specimen

0.108 0.124h f

T Tf

loadingm

ba

fiber or filler content (wt.-%)

0 10 20 30 40

PP/GF

130

120

100

90

110

140

150

PP/talc

VS

T (

°C)

Fig.: 11.2


140

120

100

80

0 200 400 600 800 1000

t (h)aV

ST

(°C

)

b140

120

100

80

TE

1

2

3

4

water vapor

homopolymer matrix material

copolymer matrix material

0 200 400 600 800 1000

t (h)a

1

2

3

4

wash lye

homopolymer matrix material

copolymer matrix material

VS

T (

°C)

a

TE

Fig.: 11.3


PA66 content (wt.-%)

180

160

140

1200 25 50 75 100

PA6

PA66

160

120

80

40

0

a b

HD

T (

°C)

HD

T (

°C)

with

out a

dditiv

esca

rbon

bla

ck n

igro

sine

spi

nel

iron

oxid

e

Fig.: 11.4


HDT-A

glass transition region

Ef

E’

E’’

tan

400

300

200

100

0

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

f

-50 0 50 100 150 200T (°C)

tan

E‘‘

(MP

a)

E‘;

E

(MP

a)

Fig.: 11.5


Chapter 11.2: Bauer, M.: Fire Behavior. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013)2. Edition

Fig.: 11.6

combustion products

flame

combustable gases

polymer

thermalfeed back

combustion (exothermic)

ignition/auto ignition

pyrolysis (endothermic)

energy

+ O2

+ O2

protectivelayer formation

Fig.: 11.7


detection of ligth attenuation (laser)and smoke temperature

detection of differential pressureand stack temperature

exhaustduct fan

soot sampling internal/externalgas analysis

extractionhood

cone heater

sparkignitor

specimen inspecimen holder

load cell

Fig.: 11.8


0 50 100 150 200 250 300

t (s)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

HR

R (

kWm

)

-2

Fig.: 11.9

pine, B = 17 mmmulti-layered glass-fiber–epoxy resin laminate, B = 2.5 mmsandwich panel with skin layers from glass-fiber–epoxyand a Nomex honeycomb core, B = 10 mmflame retarded hemp–epoxy resin laminate, B = 4 mmPrimaset PT30 resin plate, B = 6 mm


0 50 100 150 200 250 300

t (s)

m (

%)

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

Fig.: 11.10



0 50 100 150 200 250 300

t (s)

CO

/CO

r

atio

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

2

Fig.: 11.11



0 50 100 150 200 250 300

t (s)

0

1

3

4

6

7

5

2

extic

tion

coe

ffic

ient

(m

)

-1

Fig.: 11.12



a b

Chapter 11.3: Höninger, H.: Component Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 11.13

a b

Fig.: 11.14


a b140 °C

160 °C

180 °C

property limit

0 5 50 500 5000 50000

hot storage time (h)

50000

25000

10000

5000

1000

500

100105 120 140 160 180 200

(°C)

2.645 2.544 2.421 2.309 2.207 2.110

T (10 K )3 -1

6 K

prop

erty

val

ue

hot

stor

age

tim

e (h

)

limiti

ng t

em

pera

ture

130

°C service lifelimit

Fig.: 11.15


Fig.: 11.16


lg

lg tlg t

I

I

II

a blg

Fig.: 11.17


MC LTHS LPL MV

1 5 10 50 100

years

10

110 10 10 10 10 10

1 2 3 4 5 6

t (h)

(MP

a)v

T = 80 °C

Fig.: 11.18


burst pressure tests

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

00 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

T (°C)

initial state

after 5000 h in fuel

after 5000 h in diesel fuel

p (b

ar)

Fig.: 11.19


x

specimen

Fig.: 11.20


Fig.: 11.21


Fig.: 11.22


a b

Fig.: 11.23


F

l/8 l/4 l/4 l/4 l/8

l

sandwich plate

Fig.: 11.24


F

l/2 l/2

l

Fig.: 11.25


Fig.: 11.26


sandwich panel

F

extensometer

sandwichpanel mounting screw

F

load cell

hydraulic test cylinder

a b

Fig.: 11.27


a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 b

Fig.: 11.28

1 − PE casing pipe2 − thermal insulation material

(i.e. PUR foam)3 − carrier pipe (metal or polymer)4 − thermocouples, external5 − tube heating element (measurement

of the adjustable heating capacity)6 − thermocouples, internal (measure-

ment of the internal surface temperature of the carrier pipe)

7 − end cap (with or without opposite heating system)


b

1 − steel carrier pipe2 − PE casing pipe3 − guide ring4 − base plateS − pipe overhang ≥ 10 mmL − specimen length, L = 2.5 × a ≥ 200 mma − PUR foam thicknessd − carrier pipe diameter

1

2

3

S

L

Fax

a d

F − applied loadax

a

Fig.: 11.29


Fig.: 11.30


30 years = 262,800 h

PUR foam

DIN EN 253

200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110

10

10

10

10

6

5

4

3

T (°C)

dura

bilit

y (h

)

Fig.: 11.31


b

jointassembly

sandPCP

F F

a

Fig.: 11.32


a b

v

adaptor

base plate

specimenholder

workholdingfixture

sensing pin

F

l

v

dD

l

D−d2

Chapter 11.4: Implant Testing. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich (2013) 2. Edition

Fig.: 11.33

2 4 6 8 1210

t (weeks)

2 4 6 8 1210t (weeks)

0

1PEEK with HA

titanium

PEEK

nor.

she

ar s

tre

ngth

(M

Pa

)

0

1a b

Fig.: 11.34

nor.

she

ar s

tre

ngth

(M

Pa

)


0 10 20 30 40

50 600

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

t (s)

0

1a b

hits

norm

aliz

ed lo

ad

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

hits

0 10 20 30 40

50 60t (s)

0

1

Fig.: 11.35

norm

aliz

ed lo

ad


F

friction

F (N)

Fmax

l (mm)

F

friction

F (N)

Fmax

l (mm)

lid-opening test shunt lid pull-through test

a b

Fig.: 11.36


21 30

2

3

F(N

)

1

prosthesis material

1- PUR2- silicon-rubber3- silicon-rubber blend

b

21 30

10

20

F(N

)

5

15

prosthesis material

a

Fig.: 11.37


deflection f (mm)

0 1 2 3 4 5 60

5

10

15

20

25

30

rib cartilage(male, 54 years)

rib cartilage(female, 74 years)

impa

ct lo

ad

F (

N)

Fig.: 11.38


Chapter 11.1: Heat Distorsion Resistance. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing....

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Transcript of Chapter 11.1: Heat Distorsion Resistance. In: Grellmann, W., Seidler, S. (Eds.): Polymer Testing....