Chapter 11 for CD.ppt

8/19/2019 Chapter 11 for CD.ppt

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Chapter 11: World of States

– Political Geography

Developed by

Joe Naumann


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Basics - Origin

• Somewhat hierarchical system – sometimesincludes all three levels

– International Political Systems

– National Political Systems

– Local and Regional Political Organization

• Early olitical systems may have develoed artly in

resonse to hysical conditions

– Early Egyt – cooeration needed to harness the Nile!loods !or roductive agriculture

– Eventually the "ingdoms o! uer and lower Egyt were

com#ined under one ruler


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National Political Systems

• Terms: Nations, States, and Nation-States

– Nation: % grou o! eole with a sense o! oneness – an

ethnic grou& – State: % art o! the earth's land sur!ace which is

organized under a government and has #oundaries&

– Nation-state: (igh coincidence #etween the territory

occuied #y a nation and that which is organized as astate – % nation which has its own olitical structure !or th

territory it occuies&

– Multi-national state: % state in which more than one

nation resides


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Stateless nation & part-nation

state

• Stateless nation – an ethnic grou which is divided

among several countries and which does not

comrise the ma*ority o! the oulation o! any o! the

countries& – Kurds

– Poles #e!ore the +reaty o! ,ersailles

• Part-nation state – % nation whose territory may

e-and #eyond the territory o! a state and may

encomass several states

– %ra# nation


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State 0

Nation –oth themultinational

state and the

stateless nation

situations havethe potential !or

armed con!lict


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The "volution o! the Modern State

• eveloed #y Euroean hilosohers in the 34 th

century

• "n#land –Nation state in which the ower gradually

shi!ted !rom the monarch to the electorate –$Democratic "volution%

• Idea sread through much o! Euroe #y 5rench

Revolution• +he colonial eriod6 and the demise o! the colonial

system6 #rought the model to much o! the rest o! the

world


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eo#raphic 'haracteristics o!

States

• Si(e – larger countries may have more ossi#ilities availa#le

to them – to carrying caacity

– 7limate variety 0 agriculture

– Resources availa#le

• Shape – can !oster or hinder e!!ective organization o! the

state – see categories in slide to !ollow&

• )ocation – relative and a#solute

– Landloc"ed – very disadvantageous relative location

• 'ores and 'apitals – 7ore area is the nucleus !rom which a

state grew and develoed – usually contains the caital city&

Particularly true o! unitary states&


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9ore on Shae

• 'ompact State – close to circular shae• Prorupt State – nearly comact #ut with one or two narrow

e-tensions o! national territory&

• "lon#ated State – least e!!icient state administratively – long

and narrow in shae• *ra#mented State – comosed o! disconnected arts :o!ten

islands or mainland lus islands;

• Per!orated State – comletely surrounds the territory o! one

or more states :usually small states;• "+clave – a territorial outlier o! one state is surrounded #ythe territory o! another state

• "nclave – a iece o! territory surrounded #y a country whichis not ruled #y that country :may #e an e-clave o! anothercountry


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shaes

"nclave


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"+claves May be di!!icult to

maintain or toprotect !rom bein#

taen over by the

country .hich

surrounds them/


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E-clave or Enclave=

• +he river movedso the red area isstill art o! Illinois

#ut is on the westside o! the9ississii River&

• Illinois – it's ane-clave

• 9issouri – it's anenclave


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Micro-States

0enclaves1

Mini-states

'ompact states

"lon#ated states


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*ra#mented

States

Per!orated &

*ra#mentedState

Prorupt State


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Micro-States

0enclaves1

Mini-states

'ompact states

"lon#ated states*ra#mented

States

Per!orated &

*ra#mentedState

Prorupt State

National core

areas !rom .hich

nation-states

developed

)andloced

States

)andloced

mini-states:

2ndorra,)iechtenstein,

)u+embour#

)andloced

micro-states:

San Marino,3atican 'ity


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The 2dvent o! the 2ir-2#e

rou#ht oth Political &

"conomic 'han#es

• 'lic the picture above to see the video o! pre-4et aircra!t

http://www.onesixright.com/video/aerials.html


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5nly a !e. o! the small statesOther small states include Singaore6 island nations o!

the Paci!ic and 7ari##ean Sea6 %ndorra6

Liechtenstein.


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Nationalism: double-ed#ed s.ord

• Nationalism can #ring a eole together and rovide

a strong centripetal !orce holding the country

together in a nation>state&

• Nationalism6 articularly when carried to e-tremes6

can #e a divisive6 centri!u#al !orce wor"ing to tear

a country aart when it is e-ercised in a multi>

national state& – ?hen a nation occuies a rather contiguous territory

within a multi>national state6 that can ma"e searatist

movements more li"ely to develo and@or succeed


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Multi-

national state

!ormer

6u#oslavia 7n

osnia, theterritory

occupied by

osnians and

Serbs .as so

disconti#uous

that there .as

no .ay to divide

the area alon#

ethnic lines/


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8atreds8atreds had been

passed !rom one

#eneration to the

ne+t/ 9ith the end o!the totalitarian

communist system,

ethnic hatreds sur!acedand led to violence and

independence

movements in osnia


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lobalism and devolution

• +wo seemingly contradictory trends

– +he #lobal economy and6 at least6 economic unions o!

states with the ossi#ility o! greater olitical integration

• Euroean Anion is still e-anding

• N%5+% may enlarge – 7hile as a otential mem#er

– Devolution – the slitting aart o! countries

• Ethnic grous in multi>national states ushing !or autonomy

and even indeendence

• ?ounds that were in!licted hundreds o! years ago sur!ace and

sometimes lead to violence – Bosnia6 Cosovo6 7hechnya


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Countries recentlyjoined: Poland,Czech Rep.,

Slovenia, Hungary,Estonia, & CyprusCountriesanticipating

negotiations tojoin: Latvia,Lithuania, Slovaia,Ro!ania, "ulgaria,& #urey.

Countries voting


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"!!orts to #ive

political

e+pression to

nationalist

#roups in"urope at

3ersailles, ;<

addressed the

desires o! some

ethnic #roups


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Britain has granted

Scotland its own

arliament and ?ales

may !ollow&

Sometimes granting

greater autonomy can

stave o!! a !ull scalerevolt and

indeendence&


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Devolutionthe !ormer Soviet

=nion


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National Political Systems 0cont/1

• BoundariesD Set +he Satial Limits o! the State 0 relaced

!ormer !rontier zones

• 7lassi!ication o! Boundaries

– Natural or physical boundaries – o!ten ma"e oor #oundaries• 9ountainsD rarely total #arriers to interaction

• RiversD constantly shi!ting the course – usually gradually

– eometric boundaries :arti!icial;>>easily delimited and demarcated

• %ntecedent – draw #e!ore area oulated 0 cultural landscae is set• Su#seuent – a!ter settlement 0 develoment o! cultural landscae

• 7onseuent :su#seuent; – drawn to accommodate di!!erences

• Suerimosed – !orced uon the cultural landscae :38)4 – Israel;

• Relic – no longer !unctions #ut still mar"s a transition


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>ivers Mae Poor

oundaries

The Missouri-Kansas

boundary .asori#inally surveyed

alon# the midline o! the

Missouri >iver, but the

river has since shi!ted

to a ne. course/ 2

similar situation e+ists

bet.een 7llinois and

Missouri alon# the

Mississippi >iver/


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Shi!ting Rivers

2 series o! !our surveys o! the

Mississippi >iver sho.s

considerable chan#es in the

position o! the channel and the

!orm o! the meander bends/ Note

that one meander cuto!! has

occurred 0


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oundary e!!ects on transportation patterns

+ransortation lines cross only at a !ew locations – i!this weren't a national #oundary6 there would #emore o! a networ"6 rather than two arallel systems

Major border

crossings

B d i t


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• Position disputes – disagree to interretation o! the

#oundary treaty – 7hile@%rgentina in S& %ndes

• Territorial disputes – over ownershi o! territory

– 7rredentism – land that was !ormerly art o! another state

with which there are ethnic ties

• >esource disputes – Cuwait 0 Ira

• *unctional disputes – disagreement over oliciesto aly to #order – 9e-ico 0 A&S&%& over illegal

aliens crossing into the A&S&%

Boundary isutes


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In the 381


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' i ( i *++* d


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'ar in (ra) in *++* and

• In 2


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Feoolitical %ssessments

• Relating national ower to geograhic!actors – somewhat tarnished reutation

due to Fermans in ??II&

• 8eartland theory – (al!ord 9ac"inder

• >imland theory – Nicholas Sy"man

• Both theories see Eurasia as the GrimeH

real estate


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erman school o! #eopoliti adopted by 8itler

eastern !ront aimed at controllin# the heartland/

A S olicy o! 7ontainment


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A&S& olicy o! 7ontainment

• 7old>war geoolitical strategy to counter the Soviet

attemt to control the heartland&• 9a*or oints

– 7ontrol rim o! e-terior continents 0 islands&

– 7ontrol strategic arts o! the rimland&

– Isolate communism and revent its e-ansion& – Li"e a GcancerH which is not allowed to grow6 communism

would wither u and die&

• ?as the Soviet demise the result o! it's own

mista"es or o! containment6 or some o! #oth= – %ndre %malric – Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1984?

7old ?ar %lliances


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7old ?ar %lliances

• ar" Frey – AS% 0 G%lliesH

• Light Frey – 7ommunist countries

WEAKNESS

HEARTLAND?

R I M L AN D ?

R I M L AN D ?

7 t i t l 5 P ll + th


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7entrietal 5orcesD Pull +ogether

• Nationalism

• Primarily one language in common use

• Ani!ying Institutions – common religion6 etc&

• Organization 0 %dmin& – evolve !rom national core

– Anitary state

– 5ederal state

• +ransortation 0 7ommunication – connect

– 5rench transortation system !ocuses on Paris

– +ranscontinental railroads in the A&S&

– +ransSi#erian RR in the Russia@Soviet Anion

7entri!ugal 5orces: Disrupt


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7entri!ugal 5orces: Disrupt

• Multi-nationalism – 7anada6 Bosnia6 %!ghanistan

• Incomati#le religions – artition o! India in 38)1 – still in

con!lict with Pa"istan over Cashmir

• 9ultile languages in use• ,ery strong regional di!!erences :cultural and@or economic; –

i&e& led to AS 7ivil ?ar

• %rti!icial creation – not evolving !rom a national core

– Particularly true o! most o! the !ormer colonies which #ecame thecountries o! modern %!rica

• Irredentism

• Insurgent grous oerating within the country


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7nsur#ency

• Serious

threat to

the

nationalgovt& o!

7olom#ia


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2ccounts !or

the lac o!

nationalism and

!or the potential

!or con!licts

bet.een

countries and.ithin

countries/

I t ti l P liti l S t


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International Political Systems

• +he =nited Nations and Its %gencies – reduced

con!licts and imroved the !ramewor" !or

international cooeration considera#ly – 9aritime Boundaries – #e!ore AN7LOS there was no

uni!ormity and there was great otential !or con!lict

– %n International Law o! the Sea – esta#lished #y Anited

Nations 7onvention on the Law o! the Sea – rati!ied 388)

• 9ost coastal countries have acceted these

rovisions


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9aritime termsD


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9aritime termsD

• Territorial Sea – coastal states have sovereignty6 including

e-clusive !ishing rights

• 'onti#uous Cone – 7oastal state can en!orce its customs6

immigration 6 and sanitation laws and e-ercise Ghot ursuitHout o! its territorial waters&

• "+clusive "conomic Cone – State has recognized rights to

e-lore6 e-loit6 conserve6 and manage the natural resources

• 'ontinental Shel! – countries have e-clusive rights tonatural resources u to $.< nm&

• 8i#h Seas – #eyond EE – Gcommon heritage o!

human"ind&H

Regional %lliances Increasing


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Regional %lliances Increasing• Economic %lliances

– "= – otential to #ecome a olitical union

– N2*T2 – may e-and into 7entral and South %merica – 9orld Trade 5r#ani(ation :?+O;

– eneral 2#reement on Tari!!s and Trade :F%++;

• Reduce tari!!s and romote world trade – economic glo#alism

– 5P"' – Frous in 7entral 0 South %merica 0 %!rica

• 9ilitary 0 Political %lliances–!eature o! 7old ?ar – N2T5 – growing 0 changing in nature

– Political alliances are o!ten short lived – i&e& Anited %ra# Re&


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Purposetoday

9orld *reedom: l i! M i


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9orld *reedom: reclassi!y Me+ico

Local 0 Regional Level


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Local 0 Regional Level

• +he Feograhy o! ReresentationD +he istrictingPro#lem

– Party in ower may try to maniulate #oundaries to its

#ene!it in the ne-t elections

– errymanderin# – declared unconstitutional #y the

Sureme 7ourt

• Princile o! comactness

• Princile o! one>man:erson;>one>vote• +he 5ragmentation o! Political Power

– 5unctional regions can #e olitically !ragmented li"e St&

Louis – rendered less e!!ect and e!!icient

Ferrymandering


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Ferrymandering

Violates the principle of compactness at the very least .

Redistricting Pro#lem


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Redistricting Pro#lem

O!ten the #oundaries are decided #y the courts #ecause theolitical arties cannot comromise on an acceta#le lan&


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St& Louis metroarea is more

comple+,

involvin# state

boundaries as

.ell as countyand local ones

it can cause

sta#nation in

the area/

7on!lict J System Brea"down


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7on!lict J System Brea"down

• In ast largely relegated to !ormal con!licts – armies

!acing armies–minimal civilian casualties

• ?orld ?ar II GlegitimizedH civilian targets

– Fermans6 Kaanese6 0 %llies #lan"et #om#ed cities

– 5ire #om#ings 0 the % #om#

• Since ?? II6 insurgent grous6 religious disutes6

minority movements involve terrorism – Re*ected the e-amles o! Fandhi 0 9L Cing6 Kr&

– Escalating terrorism holds the otential to unhinge the

olitical and economic structures o! glo#alism

(indu Nationaism centri!ugal


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(indu Nationaism – centri!ugal

!orce=

• Religious ro#lemssince 38)1

– Partition

• Si"h comlaints o!ersecution

• (indu nationalists

see"ing a G(induH

India win in 3884

• ?hat o! religious

toleration=

'lic on Shiva, belo. to see the video

'hildren as


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'hildren as

!i#hters &

victims

Child enlisted to fight

in Afghanistan

Catholics run for cover in

Northern Ireland


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+ali#an !ighting anti>

+ali#an

Taliban fighter


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Basuesearatist car

#om#ingFormer central market in

Grony! Chechnya " terrorism

hasn#t been carried to $osco%

yet " the potential e&ists.

e#innin# o! the ultimate in terror &


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e#innin# o! the ultimate in terror &

.ar on terrorism an o+ymoron

9/11/2001 –

Patriotism

reemerges

from anightmare of

terrorism.

>esponse to ;EE?FF


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>esponse to ;EE?FF

erman destroyer & moral


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y

support

together


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together

US embassy, Jaan

Mosco!, "#ssia

$#stra%ia


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9e must not destroy democracy


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9e must not destroy democracy

to $save% it/

• (ow will our olitical system #e altered=

• ?hat rights may #e reduced=

– Immigration changes=

– Pro!iling grous= – Increasing olice owers in search and seizure=

– 9aintaining (a#eas 7orus rotections=

• (ow to maintain the chec"s and #alances=• (ow do we avoid reducing ourselves to the level o!

the GenemyH=

Chapter 11 for CD.ppt

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