Chapter 11 Computers And Society Home, Work, And Ethical Iss

Chapter 11Computers and Society: Home, Work, and Ethical Issues

Understand that computers have made a tremendous difference in daily living

Explain how computers are used at home

Describe how computers change the way society

interacts with disciplines such as education,

entertainment, finance, government, health care, science, publishing, and

travel

Recognize the issues associated with the digital

divide

Understand how e-commerce affects the way people conduct

businessIdentify ways virtual reality,

intelligent agents, and robots are being used in daily life

Learn how to prevent health-related disorders and injuries

due to computer use

Understand how to design a workspace ergonomically

Recognize symptoms of computer addiction

Explain green computing

Understand ethical issues surrounding computer use

Chapter 11 Objectives

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p.11.2

Living with Computers

Where are computers found?

Computers are everywhere• At home• At work• At school

p.11.2 Fig. 11-1

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How has society benefited from computers?

One-third of the United States’ economic growth has been attributed to digital technologies

Business and home users can make well-informed decisions because they have instant access to information from anywhere in the world

Students have more tools to assist them in the learning process

Homes have many more conveniences

p.11.2

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budgeting, personal financial management, and home business management


How are computers used at home? The computer has become a basic necessity in many

homes

p.11.3Fig. 11-2

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Web access

personal and business communications

research and education

entertainment

Download and watch movies

Bank and invest

Communicate with others around the

world


What is the main reason computers have infiltrated homes?

People want access to the Web

p.11. 4

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Shop for goods and services

Download and listen to music

Access sources of entertainment

and leisure

Take a course or access other educational

material

Access a wealth of information,

news , research, and educational

material


How have computers changed home communications?

Communications are not limited to text

You can transmit voice, sounds, video, and graphics

p.11.4 Fig. 11-3

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What is the purpose of videoconferencing software?

You can have live conversations with others

p.11.4 Fig. 11-4

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Click to view video

iving with Computers

What are ways computers meet the varying needs of consumers?

A variety of computers available• desktop• notebook• handheld• internet

appliances Available in a

variety of stylish colors and sleek designs

p.11.4 Fig. 11-5

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What is an Internet appliance? Computer with limited

functionality Main purpose is to

connect to the Internet from home

Ideal for the family that uses the computer only for Web access

p.11.5 Fig. 11-6

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Technology Trailblazers

Steve Wozniak Named to the Inventors Hall of

Fame in Akron, Ohio for his $666 Apple II

Combined the central processing unit, keyboard, and disk drive into one unit

Developed the Apple I with Steve Jobs in 1976

Serves as an advisor to Apple

p.11. 6

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Click to view Web Linkthen click Steve Wozniak

http://scsite.com/dc2002/people.htm


What is education and how are computers used in education? The process of

developing knowledge through instruction

Many schools and businesses can afford to equip labs and classrooms with computers

p.11. 6Fig. 11-7

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What is computer-based training (CBT)? Helps students

learn by using computers and completing exercises with instructional software

Also called computer-aided instruction (CAI)

p.11.6 Fig. 11-8

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What is Web-based training (WBT)? A type of CBT

that uses Internet technology

Typically consists of self-directed, self-paced instruction on a topic

p.11.6 Fig. 11-9

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Reduced training costs


What are the advantages of CBT and WBT over traditional training?

Typically consist of self-directed, self-paced instruction on a topic

Students become actively involved in the learning process instead of passive recipients of information

p.11.7

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Simulations

Computer-based models of real-life

situations

Unique instructional experience

Unique content

Self-paced study


What is distance learning (DL)? The delivery of

education at one location while the learning takes place at other locations

Provides many time, distance, and place advantages for students

Also called distance education (DE) or online learning

p.11. 8

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Click to view video

Enables students to attend class from

anywhere in the world and at times that fit their

schedules

ATM

International Oil Association ATM

Employee Working at Home

telephone line

Employee Working Overseas

Employee Working from Ship

ATM

Global Oil Learning Center

ATM

Company Headquarters


p.11.8 Fig. 11-10

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How might a company use distance learning?

A company may use the Internet and its own network to ensure that it can train personnel, regardless of where they are working


What is a use for distance learning? More than 70

percent of colleges and universities offer some form of distance learning

A few even offer entire degrees online

p.11.8 Fig. 11-11

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What is edutainment? A type of

educational software that combines education with entertainment

Teaches children in a fun and exciting way

Provides entertainment for computer users of all ages

p.11.8 Fig. 11-12

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Company on the Cutting Edge

WebCT™ Tool helps teachers develop

sophisticated Internet learning environments for their classes

Features educational and administrative tools

Developed by Murray Goldberg for his own use during his first year teaching in the computer science department at University of British Columbia

p.11.9

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Click to view Web Linkthen click WebCT

http://scsite.com/dc2002/companies.htm


What is the digital divide?

p.11.9

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The idea that you can separate people of the world into two distinct groups• Those who have

access to technology with the ability to use it

• Those who do not have access to technology or are without the ability to use it


What are effects of the digital divide? Separates the haves from the have nots

p.11.10 Fig. 11-13

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What is being done about the digital divide?

Several programs have been launched to narrow the gap in the digital divide Many of the

programs focus on computers in schools

p.11.10 Fig. 11-14

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What programs are designed to help bridge the digital divide?

p.11.10

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Teach America! program

Provides online computer training to 75,000 teachers

Launched by Gateway

PowerUp

A nationwide industry partnership

Goal is to place technology in schools and community

centers

Anytime Anywhere Learning program

Provides teachers and students with notebook computers

equipped with the Microsoft Office suite and the capability to

access the Internet

Launched by Microsoft and Toshiba


How can computers help those with disabilities? Blind or visually impaired

people can have Web pages read out loud

Web pages can display captions for deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals

Those with significant disabilities can control the computer with eye movements and brain waves

p.11.10

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How are computers used for entertainment? Provides a fulfilling experience in many areas of

entertainment• games• fine art• music• movies• photos

p.11. 11 Fig. 11-15

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What music and video options are available?

Play CDs or DVDs

Online radio Purchase on

Web and download to hard disk

Create your own

p.11.12 Fig. 11-16

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What is a digital camera?

Allows you to take pictures and store images digitally Images can be shared by posting to a Web site or e-

mailing Special effects can

be added to images You can print

multiple copies of an image

p.11.12

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What is electronic commerce? A financial

business transaction that occurs over an electronic network such as the Internet

Also known as e-commerce

p.11.13 Fig. 11-17

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Who can participate in e-commerce? Anyone with

access to a computer, an Internet connection, and a means to pay for purchased goods or services

p.11.13 Fig. 11-17

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What is an electronic storefront?

An online business with descriptions, graphics, and a shopping cart that allows you to collect purchases

p.11.14 Fig. 11-18a

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What is an online auction? An online

site where you bid on an item and the highest bidder purchases the item

p.11.14 Fig. 11-18b

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Click to view Web Linkthen click Bluetooth™

http://scsite.com/dc2002/ch11/weblink.htm


How are computers used to manage finances?

p.11.14 Fig. 11-19

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Personal finance software allows you to balance your checkbook, pay bills, track personal income and expenses, track investments, and evaluate financial plans


What is online banking? You transfer

money electronically from your account into a payee’s account or download monthly transactions from the Web into your computer

Your account information is stored on the bank's computer

p.11.14 Fig. 11-20

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What is online stock trading? You can buy

and sell stocks online without using a broker

p.11.16 Fig. 11-21

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How are computers used by the government?

Government Web sites provide citizens with up-to-date information

p.11.16 Fig. 11-22

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How do government employees use computers as part of their daily routine?

North American 911 call centers use computers to dispatch emergency calls

p.11.18 Fig. 11-23a

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How do government employees use computers as part of their daily routine?

Law enforcement officers have online access to the FBI’s National Crime Information Center (NCIC) through police cars equipped with computers and fingerprint scanners

p.11.18 Fig. 11-23b

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What is another use of computers in government?

Web sites allow the public to complete transactions with the government online• file taxes• apply for

permits and licenses

• pay parking tickets

p.11.18 Fig. 11-24

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p.11.19 Fig. 11-25

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How are computers used in health care?

Nearly every aspect of the medical field uses computers• maintain records• monitor patient’s vital signs• assist in research and diagnosis• file insurance claims• conduct medical tests• communicate with patients• surgically implant computerized

devices• computer-controlled devices

assist in operations


What is telemedicine? Affords health-care professionals and consumers

access to medical care through computers with videoconferencing capabilities

p.11.19 Fig. 11-26

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Click to view Web Linkthen click Telemedicine



What is computer-aided surgery (CAS)?

Involves using computer simulations to assist in learning surgical techniques

Allows professionals to practice procedures before actually performing them on human patients

p.11.20

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Computer-aided learning (CAL)

Used by other medical professionals, such as

physicians and dentists, during training


How can the computer and the Web aid patients? Provide up-to-date

medical, fitness, nutrition, or exercise information

Access databases of doctors and dentists

Talk to others diagnosed with similar conditions using chat rooms

Order prescriptions online

p.11.20 Fig. 11-27

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How can a computer aid in fitness?

Exercise equipment often has a computer built into it to track your progress

Monitors physical conditions such as heart rate and pulse

p.11.21 Fig. 11-28

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How do scientists use computers? All branches use

computers to assist them with collecting, analyzing, and modeling data

Scientists use the Internet to communicate with colleagues around the world

p.11.21 Fig. 11-29

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Implant delivers electrical energy to electrodes in cochlea

4

Coil carries signals to the implant

3

Microphone picks up sound and carries it to a computer

1

Computer digitizes sound

2


What is a scientific breakthrough related to computers?

Computer chips imitate the functions of parts of the body

A cochlear implant allows a deaf person to talk and listen

p.11.22 Fig. 11-30

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Electrodes stimulate auditory nerve fibers

5

Auditory nerve sends sound information to brain

6


What is publishing?

The process of making a work available to the public

The content of many magazines and newspapers is available online

p.11.23 Fig. 11-31

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What is an electronic book (e-book)? Some Web

sites allow you to download an entire book to your computer

Cost is about the same or less than the cost of purchasing the print version

p.11.22 Fig. 11-32

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Click to view Web Linkthen click E-Books


Company on the Cutting Edge

Britannica.com

p.11. 23

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Click to view Web Linkthen click Britannica

The parent company was founded in 1768 with the goal of capturing the major developments occurring in the arts and sciences

In 1974, the 15th edition was edited and published completely in-house using computers

Created the fist CD-ROM multimedia encyclopedia in 1989

Put the entire print version on the Internet in 1993

http://scsite.com/dc2002/companies.htm


What are Web bar codes? Another recent development that link printed media

to the Web Media display these bar codes throughout the

printed pages Using a handheld scanner connected to your

computer, you scan the bar code to display a related Web page on the computer screen

p.11. 24

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What is a global positioning system (GPS)? An onboard

navigation facility included in many vehicles manufactured today

Receiver reports your car’s location via satellites

p.11.24 Fig. 11-33

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Make reservations

Track stolen vehicle

Honk horn


p.11. 24

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Provide directions

Automatically call for help in emergency

Provide emergency

services when a button is pressed

Dispatch roadside assistance

Unlock door

What are features of GPS?

Perform remote diagnostics if warning

light on dashboard appears


What online services are available for car buyers?

You can shop online for a car

Sites aid in locating and delivering cars

Offer services such as loans, leases, insurance, and warranties

Many allow you to sell a used car

p.11.25 Fig. 11-34

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What online services are available for travelers? Print

directions and a map from the Web

Make reservations for cars, hotels, or flights

p.11.25 Fig. 11-35

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What is telecommuting? A work arrangement in

which employees work away from a company's standard workplace

Often communicate with the office using some communications technology

More than 20 million workers telecommute today

p.11.26 Fig. 11-36

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Click to view Web Linkthen click Telecommuting



What are reasons to telecommute?

Reduce time and expense spent in traveling to the office

Eliminate travel during unsafe weather conditions

Allow a flexible work schedule Provide a convenient,

comfortable work environment Advantages

• Higher job satisfaction rates• More productive workers• Reduction in employer

overhead• Healthy for the environment

p.11. 26 Fig. 11-36

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Emerging Technologies

What is virtual reality (VR)? The use of computers to simulate a real or imagined

environment that appears as a three-dimensional (3-D) space

You can explore and manipulate imagesinteractively

Used for games, training, engineering, e-commerce, science, and medicine

p.11.27 Fig. 11-37

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Click to view Web Linkthen click Virtual Reality



What is a VR world? An entire 3-D site

that contains infinite space and depth

Many provide 360-degree tours of locations such as automobiles, buildings, colleges, sites of interest, and cites

p.11.27 Fig. 11-37

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How is the experience of a simulated environment sometimes enhanced?

p.11.28 Fig. 11-38

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Software requires you to wear specialized headgear, body suits, and gloves

The headgear displays the artificial environment in front of both of your eyes


What is artificial intelligence? The application of

human intelligence to computers

Can sense your actions and, based on logical assumptions and prior experience, take the appropriate action to complete a task

p.11. 28

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smart software

Software with built-in intelligence


What is an intelligent agent? Any software

program that independently asks questions, pays attention to work patterns, and carries out tasks on behalf of a user

p.11.29 Fig. 11-39

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Click to view Web Linkthen click Intelligent Agents

Intelligent agent offers a

suggestion

Intelligent agent offers a

suggestion



What is a network agent?

p.11. 29

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A sophisticated type of intelligent agent that performs tasks on remote computers before bringing the results back to the user

Sometimes called a bot

Often used when you search the Web or other networks for information


What is a robot? A computer-

controlled device that can move and react to feedback from the outside world

p.11.30 Fig. 11-40

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Click to view Web Linkthen click Robotics


Green computing

Ergonomics and workplace design

A Healthy Work Environment

What are areas of concern for a healthy work environment?

p.11.30

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Computer addiction

Long time computer use can lead to health complications

Job-related injuries and illnesses

Tendonitis

Inflammation of a tendon due to some repeated motion or stress on that tendon


What is a musculoskeletal disorder (MSD)? An injury or disorder

of the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, and joints

Also called repetitive stress injury (RSI)

Account for one-third of all job-related injuries and illnesses

Long-term computer work can lead to tendonitis and carpal tunnel syndrome

p.11. 30

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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Inflammation of the nerve that connects your forearm to the palm of your wrist


What precautions can reduce the chance of developing tendonitis or carpal tunnel syndrome?

Take frequent breaks during the computer session

Use a wrist rest Exercise your hands

and arms Minimize the

number of times you switch between the mouse and the keyboard

p.11.31 Fig. 11-41

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Hand Exercises


What are conditions associated with computer vision syndrome (CVS)?

Sore, tired, burning, itching, or dry eyes Blurred or double vision Distance vision blurred after prolonged staring at monitor Headache or sore neck Difficulty shifting focus between monitor and documents Difficulty focusing on

the screen image Color fringes or

after-images when you look away from the monitor

Increased sensitivity to light

p.11. 31

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How can you ease eyestrain when working at the computer?

p.11.31 Fig. 11-42

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1. Viewing distance: 18 to 28 inches

1

2. Viewing angle: 20° to center of screen

2

3. Arms: elbows at 90° and arms and hands parallel to floor

3

4. Keyboard height: 23 to 28 inches depending on height of user

4

5. Adjustable backrest

5

6. Adjustable seat6

7. Adjustable height chair with 5 legs for stability

7

8. Feet flat on floor

8


What is ergonomics? An applied science devoted

to incorporate comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of items in the workplace

Using the correct type and configuration of chair, keyboard, monitor, and work surface will help you work comfortably and protect your health

p.11. 32 Fig. 11-43

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Click to view video

Click to view Web Linkthen click Ergonomics



What are some equipment features that address ergonomic issues?

p.11. 32

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Keyboards

Built-in wrist rests

Ergonomic design specifically to prevent RSI

Monitors

Tilt-and-swivel base

Controls to adjust the brightness, contrast,

positioning, height, and width of images

MPR II standard defines acceptable levels of

radiation


What is computer addiction? Occurs when the

computer consumes someone’s entire social life

Internet addiction disorder (IAD) is an addiction to the Internet

Treatable through therapy and support groups

p.11. 32

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Symptoms

• Craves computer time

• Overjoyed when at the computer

• Unable to stop computer activity

• Irritable when not at the computer

• Neglects family and friends

• Problems at work or school

ENERGY STAR program

Developed by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and the United States Environmental

Protection Agency (EPA)

Encourages manufacturers to create energy–efficient devices that require little power when

they are not in use


What is green computing? Involves reducing the

electricity and environmental wastes while using a computer

Computers use and often waste, resources such as electricity and paper

p.11. 33

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Click to view Web Linkthen click Green Computing



What are some green computing suggestions?

p.11.33 Fig. 11-44

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Ethics and Society

What are computer ethics?

p.11.34

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Software theft (piracy)

Information accuracy

Codes of conduct

Unauthorized use of computer

systems

Information privacy

Intellectual property

rights

The moral guidelines that govern the use of computers and information systems

Six areas of concern

Ethics and Society

What do you think about ethical issues?

p.11.34 Fig. 11-45

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Ethics and Society

Why is information accuracy important? Inaccurate input can result in erroneous information and

incorrect decisions based on that information You should

evaluate the value of a Web page before relying on its content

p.11.34 Fig. 11-46

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Ethics and Society

What are the ethics of using computers to alter output?

Using graphics equipment and software, you can alter images

Alteration could lead to deliberately misleading photographs

p.11.36 Fig. 11-47

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Ethics and Society

What are intellectual property rights? Intellectual property

(IP) refers to work created by inventors, authors, and artists

Intellectual property rights are the rights to which creators are entitled for their inventions, writings, and works of art

p.11.36

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©copyright

TMtrademark

Technology Trailblazer

Mitch Kapor Founded Lotus

Development Company and created Lotus 1-2-3

Co-founded the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to protecting online privacy, free expression, and access to public resources

p.11.35

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Click to view Web Linkthen click Mitch Kapor

http://scsite.com/dc2002/people.htm

Ethics and Society

What is a copyright? Gives authors and

artists exclusive rights to duplicate, publish, and sell their material

Protects any tangible form of expression

Gives the public fair use to copyrighted material• Phrase, fair use, is

subject to widespread interpretation

p.11.36

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Software piracy

The unauthorized and illegal duplication of copyrighted software

©

Ethics and Society

What is a trademark? Protects a company's

logos and brand names Controversy related to

Web addresses Some people and smaller

companies purposely acquire a Web address that uses the exact trademarked names of their competition

p.11.36

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TM

Ethics and Society

What is an IT code of conduct? A written guideline that helps

determine whether a specific computer action is ethical or unethical

A number of computer-related organizations have established an IT code of conduct

p.11.37 Fig. 11-48

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Summary of Computers and Society: Home, Work, and Ethical Issues

Living with computers Emerging technologies A healthy work environment Ethics and society

Next

Chapter 11 Complete

Chapter 11 Computers And Society Home, Work, And Ethical Iss

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Transcript of Chapter 11 Computers And Society Home, Work, And Ethical Iss