Chapter 11 Cocaine Amphetamines –Amphetamine –Methamphetamine –Ephedrine –Cathinone – khat...
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Transcript of Chapter 11 Cocaine Amphetamines –Amphetamine –Methamphetamine –Ephedrine –Cathinone – khat...
Chapter 11
• Cocaine
• Amphetamines – Amphetamine– Methamphetamine– Ephedrine– Cathinone – khat– MDMA – ecstasy
• Methylphenidate
• Caffeine
• Nicotine
Stimulants
http://www.smart-kit.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/02/saved-running-man-energy.jpg
Map of principal coca-growing regions of South America
Cocainehttp://static.flickr.com/39/113049226_b12e1a8da0.jpg
Stimulants and DAImportant anatomical connection:Dopaminergic connections from midbrain (substantia nigra
and VTA) to striatum and nucleus accumbens
Effects:Nucleus accumbens
– Locomotor response – Reward system activation
Striatum
– Stereotyped behaviors
Cocaine
Cocaine Abuse and Dependence• 10-15% of initial users become cocaine abusers• Cocaine abusers report initially using legal/illegal
drugs at about age 13-14• Initial use usually thru snorting• Factors important to changes in use patterns
– Reinforcing effects (stimulating, euphoric, confidence-boosting effects)
– Switch from snorting to smoking or IV injection
Cocaine
Withdrawal• Few withdrawal symptoms other than depression
– Acute withdrawal
Death by cocaine:• About 25% of deaths reported with cocaine use are due
to the drug effects. • Causes include:
- cerebral hemorrhaging- lethal cardiac arrhythmia- myocardial infarction (heart attack) even in individuals with no prior heart problems
Cocaine