Chapter 11 Atmosphere
Transcript of Chapter 11 Atmosphere
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Prentice Hall
EARTH SCIENCEEARTH SCIENCE
Tarbuck Lutgens
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Chapter
1111The Atmosphere
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Composition of the Atmosphere
11.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Weather: constantly changing, and it refers
to the state of the atmosphere at any given
time and place
Climate: based on observations of weather
that have been collected over many years. -
- helps describe a place or region
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Composition of the Atmosphere
11.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Air is a mixture of different gases and particles,
each with its own physical properties.
Permanent atmospheric gases:
-do not change: nitrogen and oxygen:99%
-others that have changed through time:
helium, methane, and ammonia
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Volume of Clean, Dry Air
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Composition of the Atmosphere
17.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Variable Components: not as constant,
varies1. Water vapor: gaseous form of water, source of
all clouds and precipitation. Like carbon dioxide,
water vapor absorbs heat given off by Earth and
some solar energy.
2. Ozone is a form of oxygen that combines three
oxygen atoms into each molecule (O3). If ozone did not filter most UV radiation and all of
the suns UV rays reached the surface of Earth,
our planet would be uninhabitable for many
living organisms.
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Variable Gases, cont.
3. Carbon Dioxide:-concentration has risen from 0.028% to 0.039% due
to greenhouse gas
-cycled between the atmosphere, oceans, organisms,
and rocks
-global warming due to absorption of heat
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Composition of the Atmosphere
11.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Human Influence
Emissions from transportation vehicles account
for nearly half the primary pollutants by weight.
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Primary Pollutants
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Height and Structure of the
Atmosphere
11.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
The atmosphere rapidly thins as you travelaway from Earth until there are too few gas
molecules to detect. Air pressure
decreases
Atmospheric pressure is simply the weight of the
air above.
Pressure Changes
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Atmospheric Layers(p. 284-285)
Draw the atmospheric layers in your notes.
-describe the key features of each layer
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Atmospheric Pressure vs. Altitude
In the Troposphere
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Height and Structure of the
Atmosphere
11.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Temperature Changes The atmosphere can be divided vertically into
layers based on temperature.
The troposphere is the bottom layer of the
atmosphere where temperature decreases with an
increase in altitude. The stratosphere is the layer of the atmosphere
where temperature remains constant to a height
of about 20 kilometers. It then begins a gradual
increase until the stratopause.
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Snowy Mountaintops Contrast with
Warmer Snow-Free Lowlands
(troposphere)
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Exosphere
-the uppermost (or outermost) layer
-gas molecules can be exchanged betweenEarths atmosphere and space
-satellites orbit in the exosphere
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Thermal Structure of the Atmosphere
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Earth-Sun Relationships
11.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Earths Motions Earth has two principal motionsrotation and
revolution.
Earths Orientation Seasonal changes occur because Earths
position relative to the sun continually changes
as it travels along its orbit.
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Tilt of Earths Axis
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Earth-Sun Relationships
11.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Solstices
summer solstice: occurs on June 21 or 22 in
the Northern Hemisphere and is the official first
day of summer. Longest day of year.
winter solstice: occurs on December 21 or 22
in the Northern Hemisphere and is the official
first day of winter. Shortest day of year.
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Earth-Sun Relationships
11.1 Atmosphere Characteristics
Equinoxes: 12 hours day, 12 hours night
autumnal equinox :occurs on September 22 or
23 in the Northern Hemisphere.
spring equinox: occurs on March 21 or 22 in
the Northern Hemisphere.
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Solstices and Equinoxes
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Energy Transfer as Heat
11.2 Heating the Atmosphere
Heat :energy transferred from one object to
another because of a difference in the
objects temperature.
Temperature :measure of the average
kinetic energy of the individual atoms or
molecules in a substance.
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Energy Transfer as Heat
11.1 Heating the Atmosphere
Three mechanisms of energy transfer as
heat are conduction, convection, and
radiation.
Conduction is the transfer of heat through
matter by molecular activity.
1. Conduction
Convection is the transfer of heat by mass
movement or circulation within a substance.
2. Convection
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Energy Transfer as Heat
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Energy Transfer as Heat
11.2 Heating the Atmosphere
3. Radiation: Electromagnetic Waves
The sun emits light and heat as well as the
ultraviolet rays that cause a suntan. These formsof energy are only part of a large array of energy
emitted by the sun, called the electromagnetic
spectrum.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Visible Light Consists
of an Array of Colors
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Energy Transfer as Heat
11.2 Heating the Atmosphere
Radiation Radiation :transfer of energy (heat) through
space by electromagnetic waves that travel outin all directions.
Unlike conduction and convection, which need
material to travel through, radiant energy can
travel through the vacuum of space.
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Energy Transfer as Heat
11.2 Heating the Atmosphere
Radiation
All objects, at any temperature, emit radiant
energy.
Hotter objects radiate more total energy per unit
area than colder objects do.
The hottest radiating bodies produce the shortest
wavelengths of maximum radiation. Objects that are good absorbers of radiation are
good emitters as well.
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Pressure, Temperature, and
Density Relationship Open to page 291 Summarize the relationships between
these 3 variables using a skit.
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Temperature Inversion (p. 292)
Define temperature inversion and give
examples
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Wind (p. 292)
Describe how wind is created.
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Humidity (p. 294)
Humidity: amount of water vapor in the
atmosphere
Saturation: when the amount of watervapor in the air is at its maximum
Relative humidity: amount of water vapor
in air relative to the amount of water
needed to reach saturation (in %)
If the air is saturated, the relative humidity is
100%
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Humidity, cont.
Dew point: temperature that air must be
cooled to in order to reach saturation
If the dew point is near the actual
temperature, the relative humidity is high
Latent heat: extra thermal energy stored in
water vapor compared to liquid water
Adiabatic process: temperature changeswithout the addition or subtraction of
thermal energy (pressure is changing-bike
tire example)
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What Happens to Solar Radiation?
17.2 Heating the Atmosphere
When radiation strikes an object, there
usually are three different results.
1. Some energy is absorbed by the object.
2. Substances such as water and air are
transparent to certain wavelengths of radiation.
3. Some radiation may bounce off the object
without being absorbed or transmitted.
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Solar Radiation
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What Happens to Solar Radiation?
11.2 Heating the Atmosphere
Reflection and Scattering Reflection occurs when light bounces off an
object. Reflection radiation has the sameintensity as incident radiation.
Scattering produces a larger number of weaker
rays that travel in different directions.
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What Happens to Solar Radiation?
11.2 Heating the Atmosphere
Absorption
About 50 percent of the solar energy that strikes
the top of the atmosphere reaches Earthssurface and is absorbed.
The greenhouse effect is the heating of Earths
surface and atmosphere from solar radiation
being absorbed and emitted by the atmosphere,mainly by water vapor and carbon dioxide.
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Why Temperatures Vary
11.3 Temperature Controls
Factors other than latitude that exert a
strong influence on temperature include
heating of land and water, altitude,geographic position, cloud cover, and
ocean currents.
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Why Temperatures Vary
11.3 Temperature Controls
Land and Water Land heats more rapidly and to higher
temperatures than water. Land also cools morerapidly and to lower temperatures than water.
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Mean Monthly Temperatures
forVancouver and Winnipeg
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Why Temperatures Vary
11.3 Temperature Controls
Geographic Position
The geographic setting can greatly influence
temperatures experienced at a specific location.
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Mean Monthly Temperatures for
Eureka and New York City
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Mean Monthly Temperatures
for Seattle and Spokane
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Why Temperatures Vary
11.3 Temperature Controls
Altitude
The altitude can greatly influence temperatures
experienced at a specific location.
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Mean Monthly Temperatures for
Guayaquil and Quito
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Clouds Reflect and Absorb Radiation
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World Distribution of Temperature
11.3 Temperature Controls
Isotherms are lines on a weather map that
connect points where the temperature is
the same. Isotherms generally trend east and west and
show a decrease in temperatures from the
tropics toward the poles.
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11.3 Clouds and Precipitation
(p. 297) Describe how clouds form using the termsrising, cooling, air mass, warming, denser,
condensation nucleus
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Atmospheric Stability (p. 298)
Rising air masses become colder similar
to the air as you increase altitude, but air
masses cool off more quickly
It will become cooler than the surrounding
air and more dense, so it will sink down
When the air mass stops rising and
sinking, it is stable
If the air mass is moving, it is unstable
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Atmospheric Lifting (p. 299)
Mechanical processes can create clouds
1. Orographic lifting: air mass if forced to
rise over a topographic barrier like amountain (thus it cools due to an increase
in altitude, creating clouds due to
condensation)
2. Convergence: two air masses collide, thewarmer air mass rises over the cooler air
mass because it is less dense
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Types of Clouds (p. 300)
Summarize the types of clouds and their
associated weather in a data table.
Low
Clouds
Middle
Clouds
High
Clouds
Vertical
Development
Clouds
Description
Weather
TypeOther Info
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Precipitation (p. 302)
Precipitation: all forms of water that fall
from clouds to the ground
examples:
Coalescence: cloud droplets join together
to make larger droplets
Eventually, get too big to stay in cloud and fall
When does snow, sleet, and hail form?
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Water Cycle (p. 303)
Complete the water cycle activity