Chapter 11
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Transcript of Chapter 11
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Chapter 11
Practical Applications of Immunology
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Vaccine History
• Variolation: Inoculation of smallpox into skin (18th century).
• Vaccination: Inoculation of cowpox into skin.• Herd immunity results when most of a
population is immune to a disease.
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Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Bacterial Diseases in Humans
• DtaP
– Diphtheria: Purified diphtheria toxoid
– Pertussis: Acellular fragments of B. pertussis
– Tetanus: Purified tetanus toxoid
• Meningococcal meningitis: Purified polysaccharide from N.
meningitidis
• Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis: Polysaccharides
conjugated with protein
• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: S. pneumoniae antigens
conjugated with protein
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Principal Vaccines Used in the United States to Prevent Viral Diseases in Humans
• Smallpox: Live vaccinia virus
• Poliomyelitis: Inactivated virus
• Rabies: Inactivated virus
• Hepatitis A: Inactivated virus
• Influenza: Inactivated or attenuated virus
• Measles: Attenuated virus
• Mumps: Attenuated virus
• Rubella: Attenuated virus
• Chickenpox: Attenuated virus
• Hepatitis B: Antigenic fragments (recombinant vaccine)
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Monoclonal Antibodies (Mabs)• Alemtuzumab: For leukemia• Infliximab: For Crohn’s disease• Rituximab: For non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma• Trastuzumab: Herceptin for breast cancer• Basiliximab and daclizumab: Block IL–2,
immunosuppresives for transplants• Palivizumab: Treatment of RSV
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Monoclonal Antibodies
Figure 18.2
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Monoclonal Antibodies• Immunotoxins: Mabs conjugated with a toxin to
target cancer cells.• Chimeric mabs: Genetically modified mice that
produce Ab with a human constant region.• Humanized mabs: Mabs that are mostly human,
except for mouse antigen-binding.• Fully human antibodies: Mabs produced from a
human gene on a mouse.
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Precipitation Reactions
• Involve soluble antigens with antibodies.
Figure 18.4
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Agglutination Reactions• Involve particulate
antigens and antibodies.
• Antigens may be
– On a cell (direct agglutination).
– Attached to latex spheres (indirect or passive agglutination).
Figure 18.5
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Antibody Titer
• Is the concentration of antibodies against a particular antigen.
Figure 18.6
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Viral Hemagglutination
• Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs.
• Some viruses agglutinate RBCs in vitro.
Figure 18.8
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Viral Hemagglutination-Inhibition• Hemagglutination involves agglutination of RBCs.• Some viruses agglutinate RBCs in vitro.• Antibodies prevent hemagglutination.
Figure 18.9b
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Neutralization Reactions
• Eliminate the harmful effect of a virus or exotoxin.
Figure 18.9b
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Complement Fixation Test
Figure 18.10 (1 of 2)
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Complement Fixation Test
Figure 18.10 (2 of 2)
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Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Direct)
Figure 18.11a
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Fluorescent Antibody Techniques (Indirect)
Figures 18.11b, 3.6b