1Copyright © 200 7The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Chapter 11

Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase

2Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Establishment of Rome

Legend of Romulus and Remus Rome Founded 753 BCE Indo-European migrants c. 2000 BCE Bronze c. 1800 BCE, Iron c. 900 BCE

3Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Etruscans

Originally from Anatolia Colonized Roman regions Society declines late 6th c. BCE

Greek maritime attacks Celtic invasions from north

4Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Kingdom of Rome

Monarchy through 7th-6th c. BCE Streets, temples, public buildings

Major center of trade routes

5Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Establishment of the Republic

509 BCE Romans overthrow last Etruscan king Roman forum built Republican constitution Executive: 2 consuls Senate

6Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Social Conflict

Patricians (aristocrats) Plebeians (commoners) Major class conflict 5th c. BCE Plebeians allowed to elect tribunes for

representation Rights expanded through 3rd c. BCE Constitution allowed for dictators to be appointed

in times crises

7Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Expansion of the Republic

Dominated Etruscans Took over iron industry 5th-4th c. BCE Expansion via military threat and incentives

Tax exemptions Trade privileges Citizenship

8Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Punic Wars

Conflict with Carthage, 264-164 BCE Three major wars over Sicilian grain supply Later conflict with declining Hellenistic Empires Rome dominates Mediterranean by middle of 2nd

C. BCE

9Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Imperial Expansion and Domestic Problems Land distribution

Perennial problem Development of large plantations - latifundia Unfair competition for smaller landholders

10Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Expansion of the Roman republic to 133 BCE

11Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Gracchi Brothers

Tiberius and Gaius Attempted to limit land holdings of aristocrats Assassinated Development of private armies made up of

landless peasants Gaius Marius (with reformers) Lucius Cornelius Sulla (with aristocrats)

12Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Civil War

87 BCE Gaius Marius takes Rome Lucius Cornelius Sulla drives Marius out 83 BCE Reign of terror follows

13Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Julius Caesar

Nephew of Marius Escapes Sulla’s terror

Relatively young, well-timed trip abroad Rises in popularity

Public spectacles, victories in Gaul Attacks Rome 49 BCE Names self Dictator for life in 46 BCE

14Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Caesar’s Policies

Centralized military, governance under personal control

Redistribution of land to war veterans, other allies Major building projects reduce urban

unemployment Extended citizenship to provinces Aristocrats threatened, assassinate Caesar in 44

BCE

15Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Augustus

Civil conflict follows death of Caesar Power belongs to Octavian Octavian defeats Mark Antony & Cleopatra Takes title Augustus 27 BCE

16Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Augustus’ Administration

Monarchy disguised as a republic Increasing centralization of political, military

power Stabilized empire Death in 14 CE

17Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Expansion and Integration of Empire

Roman occupation of increasingly remote areas Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain

Coordination of crop production, transport of natural resources

Developed infrastructure, cities emerge

18Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Roman Empire, about 117 CE

Page 308 Bentley 4e

19Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Pax Romana: “Roman Peace”

27-250 CE Facilitated trade, communication Roadwork

Curbs Drainage Flat paving stones Milestones Postal service

20Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Roman Law

Twelve Tables, c. 450 BCE Adapted to diverse populations under Roman

Rule Innocent until proven guilty Right to challenge accusers in court

21Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Commercial Agriculture and Trade

Latifundia: production for export Regional specialization increases Integration of Empire-wide economy Mediterranean Sea: Mare Nostrum, “our sea”

22Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The City of Rome

Cash flow Taxes, tribute, spoils, commerce

Massive construction projects Statuary, monumental architecture, aqueducts

Technology: concrete

23Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Roman Attractions

Imported goods Underground sewage Circus Maximus

250,000 spectators Colosseum Gladiatorial Games

24Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Family and Society

Pater Familias: “father of the family” Right to arrange marriages, sell children into slavery

Women not allowed to inherit property Rarely enforced

25Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Wealth and Social Change

Newly rich challenge aristocracy Yet poor class increasing in size Distraction: “Bread and Circuses”

26Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Slavery

2nd c. CE: estimated at 1/3 of Empire population Customary manumission at age 30

Agricultural work, quarries, mines Chain labor Revolt under Spartacus, 73 BCE

27Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Roman Deities

Polytheistic Major gods Tutelary deities Absorption of gods from other cultures

28Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Cicero and Stoicism

Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-46 BCE) Major orator, writer Influenced by Greek thought Proponent of Stoicism

29Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Mithraism

From Zoroastrian myth: god of Sun, light Roman version emphasizes strength, courage,

discipline Women not admitted into cult Appealed to military Cult of Isis also popular

30Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Judaism in Early Rome

Jewish monotheism at odds with most ancient cultures

Refusal to recognize state gods Repeated Jewish rebellions Romans finally crush Jewish self-governance in

Jewish Wars (66-70 CE)

31Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Synagogue at Capernaum

32Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Essenes

Messianic Jewish Cult Baptism Ascetic lifestyle Dead Sea Scrolls

33Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Jesus of Nazareth

Jewish teacher Moral code, reputation for miracle-working Romans fear instigation of rebellion, crucify Jesus

34Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Jesus’ Early Followers

Belief in Jesus’ resurrection, divine nature Title Christ: “Anointed One” Teachings recorded in New Testament

35Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Paul of Tarsus

Extends teachings far beyond Jewish circles Traveled widely throughout the Roman Empire Missionary activity

36Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Early Christian Communities

Local leaders: Bishops Regional variation in doctrine and ritual

Nature of resurrection Role of women

Gradual acceptance of core texts

37Copyright © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Growth of Early Christianity

Roman persecution Yet dramatic expansion of Christianity

Especially with dispossessed, disenfranchised classes Urban poor women