Chapter 11

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

• any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;

• preparation of any derivative work, including extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;

• any rental, lease, or lending of the program.


Psychological Disorders:More Than Everyday Problems


Psychological Disorder

The presence of a constellation of symptoms that create significant distress; impair work, school, family, relationships, or daily living; or lead to significant risk or harm

• Symptoms– Cognitive– Emotional– Behavioral


Abnormality and Insanity are not Synonymous with a Psychological Disorder

• Insanity is a legal term. Insanity is being unable to appreciate the nature and quality of the wrongfulness of his or her acts, because of mental disease or defect.

• Abnormality is a condition or behavior that deviates from the usual physical or psychological state. Culture and context are important in defining abnormality. Talking to the dead is normal in some cultures.


Explaining Psychological Disorders

• The Brain – Genes– Neurotransmitters– Brain Structure and Function– Diathesis (of the Diathesis-Stress Model)


Explaining Abnormality

• The Person– Classical and Operant Conditioning– Cognitive Biases– Emotions


Explaining Abnormality

• The Group – Culture Conception of Disorders– Relationships may exacerbate certain

disorders.– Social support can help individuals cope

with disorders.


Categorizing Disorders

• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV)– Axis I: clinical disorders– Axis II: personality disorders and mental retardation– Axis III: general medical conditions– Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental problems– Axis V: global assessment of functioning


Mood Disorders

Persistent or episodic disturbances in emotion that interfere with normal functioning in at least one realm of life

• Major depressive disorder• Affect• Behavior• Cognition

– More common in women– Most common psychological

disorder in the United States


Mood Disorders

• Dysthymia– Lifetime prevalence 6%

• Suicide– Attempted by 30% of depressed people


Mood Disorders

• Bipolar disorder– Mania

• Hypomania• Manic episode• Prodromal phase

– Often cycles with depression– Formerly called manic depression– Lifetime prevalence 1%


Explaining Mood Disorders

• The brain– Hereditary factors– Serotonin

• The person– Beck’s negative triad– Learned helplessness– Attributional style

• The group– Life stressors– Lack of social reinforcement


Anxiety Disorders

• Generalized anxiety disorder• Panic disorder

– Panic attacks– Agoraphobia– Locus coeruleus– Anxiety sensitivity– Lifetime prevalence 3%


Anxiety Disorders

• Phobias– Social phobia

• Lifetime prevalence 13%– Specific phobia

• Animal fears• Blood-injection-injury fears• Natural environment fears• Situation fears• Miscellaneous fears• Lifetime prevalence 10%


Anxiety Disorders

• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)– Obsession– Compulsion

• Checking• Washing• Ordering

– Lifetime prevalence 2-3%– Caudate nucleus


Anxiety Disorders

• Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)– Traumatic event– Fear and helplessness– Symptoms

• Re-experience event• Avoidance and emotional

numbing• Heightened arousal

– Lifetime prevalence 8% (among Americans)– Genetic predisposition


Schizophrenia

• Positive symptoms– Delusions– Hallucinations– Disordered behavior– Disorganized speech

• Negative symptoms– Flat affect– Alogia– Avolition

Lifetime prevalence 1%


Schizophrenia

• Four subtypes– Paranoid– Disorganized– Catatonic– Undifferentiated


Explaining Schizophrenia

• The brain– Hereditary– The dopamine hypothesis

• The group– High expressed emotion– Social selection and social causation


Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative amnesia• Dissociative fugue• Dissociative identity disorder


Somatoform Disorders

Physical ailments with no authentic organic basis that are due to psychological factors.

Somatization: A history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin.

Conversion Disorder: A significant loss of physical functioning usually in a single organ system (i.e., paralysis, blindness).

Hypochondrias: An excessive preoccupation with one’s health and incessant worry about developing a physical illness.


Eating Disorders

• Anorexia nervosa– Body image distortion

• Bulimia nervosa• Factors

– Genetic predisposition– Gender– Cultural factors

• Lifetime prevalence 0.5-4%


General Diagnostic Criteria for PD’s

Enduring pattern of inner experience or behavior that deviates from expectations of culture, manifested in two or more of the following: - cognition (perception of self, others)– affectivity (intensity, range of emotions)– interpersonal functioning– impulse control

Enduring pattern is inflexible, pervasive in many situations


Personality Disorders


Anti-Social Personality


The End

Chapter 11

Business

Transcript of Chapter 11