Chapter 10Chapter 10

Western Expansion and Western Expansion and the National Policythe National Policy

Focus QuestionsFocus Questions

What ideas of citizenship shaped What ideas of citizenship shaped Canada’s western expansion?Canada’s western expansion?

How did immigration shape the How did immigration shape the demography and economy of demography and economy of western Canada?western Canada?

What challenges did the immigration What challenges did the immigration pose for peoples already living in pose for peoples already living in western Canada?western Canada?

Getting the West Ready for Getting the West Ready for SettlementSettlement

In 1871, BC joined confederation and Canada’s In 1871, BC joined confederation and Canada’s government promised a link to eastern Canada via government promised a link to eastern Canada via the railway. the railway.

The Canadian federal government was required to The Canadian federal government was required to negotiate treaties with the natives living in the negotiate treaties with the natives living in the west because of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 west because of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and because the United States had difficulty and because the United States had difficulty moving west. moving west.

Canada & the U.S, took two different perspectives. Canada & the U.S, took two different perspectives. The United States fought with natives. The United States fought with natives. Canada took the peaceful way or were the treaties Canada took the peaceful way or were the treaties

just as unjust?just as unjust?

The Numbered TreatiesThe Numbered Treaties The treaties where numbered in chronological order The treaties where numbered in chronological order

beginning in 1871 and ending in 1921.beginning in 1871 and ending in 1921.

TreatiesTreaties Canadian Canadian

Government Government Perspective Perspective

Treaties would Treaties would assimilate First assimilate First Nations . Nations .

government believed government believed they now “owned” the they now “owned” the land land

Canadian government Canadian government put treaties in writingput treaties in writing

First Nation First Nation PerspectivePerspective

Treaties would help Treaties would help them adapt and ensure them adapt and ensure their culture survived. their culture survived. CanadianCanadian

First Nations people First Nations people didn’t have the same didn’t have the same understanding of the understanding of the word “own”. They word “own”. They believed they were believed they were sharing the land.sharing the land.

First Nation practice First Nation practice was to do everything was to do everything orally.orally.

TreatiesTreaties Treaties promised the Treaties promised the

natives, Education, natives, Education, Health care, Reserves, Health care, Reserves, Rights to hunt and fish, Rights to hunt and fish, Farming assistance and Farming assistance and paymentspayments

Residential Schools Residential Schools were a method to force were a method to force assimilation upon the assimilation upon the First Nations by First Nations by separating parents and separating parents and children, disrupting children, disrupting their connections to their connections to their language, culture their language, culture and traditions.and traditions.

TreatiesTreaties

By 1885 the railway By 1885 the railway was complete and was complete and the treaties were the treaties were being signedbeing signed

The west was now The west was now ready for change ready for change and immigration. and immigration.

Western Canada’s Western Canada’s population began to population began to soar while buffalo soar while buffalo began to decline.began to decline.

Northwest Mounted Northwest Mounted PolicePolice

Founded in 1873 Founded in 1873 following the massacre following the massacre of Nakoda First Nations of Nakoda First Nations by Canadian & American by Canadian & American traders. The traders set traders. The traders set up Fort Whoop and up Fort Whoop and began selling alcohol and began selling alcohol and guns for buffalo and furs. guns for buffalo and furs.

First regiment of NWMP First regiment of NWMP was in Dufferin, was in Dufferin, Manitoba in 1874. Manitoba in 1874.

First headquarters Fort First headquarters Fort Macleod Macleod

The NWMP quickly The NWMP quickly developed a trust with developed a trust with the First Nations that the First Nations that allowed the railway and allowed the railway and settlers to come west. settlers to come west.

The National PolicyThe National Policy ““Pacific Scandal” of 1873. John A. Macdonald was Pacific Scandal” of 1873. John A. Macdonald was

accused of accepting bribes to reward the railway accused of accepting bribes to reward the railway contract to CP Railway who supported Macdonald and contract to CP Railway who supported Macdonald and the Conservative Part. the Conservative Part.

After Macdonald lost the 1873 election he would come After Macdonald lost the 1873 election he would come back to power in 1878 with a National Policy as his back to power in 1878 with a National Policy as his election platform. election platform. – Promote Canadian IdentityPromote Canadian Identity– buy Canadian products regardless of price.buy Canadian products regardless of price.– Proposed a tariff on American goods sold in Canada.Proposed a tariff on American goods sold in Canada.– Finish National RailwayFinish National Railway– Fulfill promise of railway to BC and help take settlers Fulfill promise of railway to BC and help take settlers

west and their crops east.west and their crops east.– Settle the West by giving immigrants free land. This Settle the West by giving immigrants free land. This

would promote settlement, would promote settlement, – The establishment of colonies and new industries. The establishment of colonies and new industries. – The west would be the agriculture capital of Canada.The west would be the agriculture capital of Canada.

Chinese Railway WorkersChinese Railway Workers Many of Canadian Pacific Railway workers Many of Canadian Pacific Railway workers

were from China because they were a form of were from China because they were a form of cheap labor. cheap labor.

After the railway they would move to lumber After the railway they would move to lumber and cannery industries but faced extreme and cannery industries but faced extreme discrimination wherever they went. discrimination wherever they went.

Canada would attempt to restrict Chinese Canada would attempt to restrict Chinese immigration by passing laws that required the immigration by passing laws that required the Chinese to pay $50 to enter Canada.Chinese to pay $50 to enter Canada.

Canada would continue to increase the head Canada would continue to increase the head tax as immigration continued. tax as immigration continued.

The railway would finally be completed in The railway would finally be completed in 1885 and connected Canada from sea to sea.1885 and connected Canada from sea to sea.

Impacts of Impacts of Immigration on Immigration on Western CanadaWestern Canada

Impacts of Immigration on Impacts of Immigration on Western CanadaWestern Canada

In 1890 only 2 % of In 1890 only 2 % of Canada’s population Canada’s population lived in the west. lived in the west.

Under Wilfred Under Wilfred Laurier (Prime Laurier (Prime Minister, July 1986) Minister, July 1986) the growth of the the growth of the west became an west became an important priority to important priority to make Canada strong make Canada strong and protect against and protect against US expansionUS expansion

Clifford SiftonClifford Sifton Clifford Sifton (Minister of the Clifford Sifton (Minister of the

Interior) began an advertising Interior) began an advertising campaign to attract campaign to attract immigrants from the United immigrants from the United States and Britain but States and Britain but excluded French speaking excluded French speaking countries such as France, countries such as France, Switzerland or Belgium. Switzerland or Belgium.

Sifton placed posters in train Sifton placed posters in train stations, fairs and offices to stations, fairs and offices to show Canada’s incredible show Canada’s incredible farmland for free. farmland for free.

Sifton believed “British is Sifton believed “British is best” and wanted farmers to best” and wanted farmers to come from Britain. come from Britain.

However, the immigration However, the immigration would eventually come from would eventually come from many different ethnic groups. many different ethnic groups.

Many people already situated Many people already situated in Western Canada were in Western Canada were uneasy about the massive uneasy about the massive immigration.immigration.

French Speaking SettlersFrench Speaking Settlers

– They wanted They wanted Canadiens and Canadiens and Catholics to be Catholics to be able to settle in able to settle in the west. the west. Missionaries were Missionaries were set up to help set up to help recruit those to recruit those to come to western come to western Canada. This Canada. This established established communities such communities such as Beaumont and as Beaumont and Morinville.Morinville.

– Set up catholic Set up catholic schools for French schools for French speaking peoplespeaking people

French Speaking SettlersFrench Speaking Settlers

– Offered high Offered high education in Frencheducation in French

– Francophones Francophones entered politics entered politics with the creation of with the creation of Alberta & Alberta & Saskatchewan in Saskatchewan in 1905. 1905.

– Founded Founded newspapers that newspapers that reported all levels reported all levels of news. of news.

– Hospitals were Hospitals were founded including founded including the Grey Nuns in the Grey Nuns in EdmontonEdmonton

Eastern EuropeansEastern Europeans

Contributed to Contributed to economic and economic and industrial growth industrial growth to Canada’s west. to Canada’s west.

They provided They provided new markets for new markets for products and products and increased increased agricultural agricultural productionproduction

Ukrainian SettlersUkrainian Settlers

Ukrainian Ukrainian settlers moved settlers moved west because of west because of the fertile soilthe fertile soil

PopulationPopulation 1896- 1 0001896- 1 000 1914- 200 0001914- 200 000

Russian & Polish SettlersRussian & Polish Settlers Russian and Polish Russian and Polish

immigrants settle immigrants settle predominately in predominately in cities. cities.

They started factories They started factories mills and mills and bee colonies.bee colonies.

The Coal mining The Coal mining industry also industry also experienced growth. experienced growth. Because of the low Because of the low wages many would wages many would join political groups or join political groups or create unions for create unions for better working better working conditions and wages.conditions and wages.

Alberta & SaskatchewanAlberta & Saskatchewan 1875 the federal government controlled the 1875 the federal government controlled the

land and established an elected land and established an elected representation based upon populations of representation based upon populations of over 1,000. over 1,000.

In 1891 this elected assembly took over. In 1891 this elected assembly took over. The group could control roads and schools The group could control roads and schools

but could not tax to make money.but could not tax to make money. Frederick Haultain premier of North-West Frederick Haultain premier of North-West

Territories campaigned to have their own Territories campaigned to have their own provincial rights. provincial rights.

Wilfred Laurier believed the area was too Wilfred Laurier believed the area was too large and split the land into two provinces: large and split the land into two provinces: Alberta & Saskatchewan.Alberta & Saskatchewan.