Chapter 10:Chapter 10:Tissue Response to Tissue Response to

InjuryInjury

What is the difference between acute What is the difference between acute inflammation and chronic inflammation?inflammation and chronic inflammation?

Acute inflammation has a short onset Acute inflammation has a short onset and a short duration. Chronic and a short duration. Chronic inflammation has a long onset and a inflammation has a long onset and a long durationlong duration

What are the five signs of What are the five signs of inflammation?inflammation?

RednessRedness HeatHeat SwellingSwelling PainPain Loss of functionLoss of function

Acute musculoskeletal injuries fall Acute musculoskeletal injuries fall into what three phases?into what three phases?

Acute (reactive or substrate) Acute (reactive or substrate) inflammatory phaseinflammatory phase

Repair and regeneration phaseRepair and regeneration phase Remodeling phaseRemodeling phase

What is the acute phase of What is the acute phase of inflammation?inflammation?

The initial reaction of the body The initial reaction of the body tissue to an irritant or injury and is tissue to an irritant or injury and is characteristic of the first three or characteristic of the first three or four days after injuryfour days after injury

In an acute phase, what occurs In an acute phase, what occurs from the actual trauma?from the actual trauma?

Cellular deathCellular death

After trauma, how may cellular After trauma, how may cellular death continue?death continue?

As a result of a lack of oxygen or As a result of a lack of oxygen or when the digestive enzymes of when the digestive enzymes of engulfing phagocytes spill over engulfing phagocytes spill over and kill normal cells.and kill normal cells.

Because of this continuation of cell Because of this continuation of cell death, what is the proper death, what is the proper immediate care?immediate care?

R.I.C.E.R.I.C.E.– RestRest– Ice Ice – Compression Compression – ElevationElevation

What is the repair and regeneration What is the repair and regeneration phase?phase?

It’s the actual healing phase which It’s the actual healing phase which extends from the inflammatory extends from the inflammatory phase (48 to 72 hours to phase (48 to 72 hours to approximately six weeks). approximately six weeks).

It occurs when the area has It occurs when the area has become clean through the removal become clean through the removal of cellular debris, erythrocytes, and of cellular debris, erythrocytes, and the fibrin clotthe fibrin clot

What three processes are used for What three processes are used for tissue repair?tissue repair?

Resolution – in which there is little Resolution – in which there is little damage and normal restorationdamage and normal restoration

Formation of granulation tissue – Formation of granulation tissue – occurring if resolution is delayedoccurring if resolution is delayed

Regeneration – replacement of Regeneration – replacement of tissue by the same tissuetissue by the same tissue

Why is less scaring better?Why is less scaring better?

Scar tissue is less viable (elastic) Scar tissue is less viable (elastic) than normal tissuethan normal tissue

Remodeling overlaps with what Remodeling overlaps with what phase?phase?

Repair and regenerationRepair and regeneration

What happens in the first three to What happens in the first three to six weeks of an acute injury?six weeks of an acute injury?

Increased production of scar tissue Increased production of scar tissue and increased strength of its fibersand increased strength of its fibers

How long does the strength of scar How long does the strength of scar tissue continue to increased?tissue continue to increased?

From 3 months to 2 years after From 3 months to 2 years after injuryinjury

How long does ligamentous tissue How long does ligamentous tissue take to become completely take to become completely remodeled? remodeled?

One yearOne year

How is a rigid, non-yielding scar How is a rigid, non-yielding scar avoided?avoided?

By maintaining a physiological By maintaining a physiological balance between synthesis balance between synthesis (process of forming or building) and (process of forming or building) and lysis (process of breaking down)lysis (process of breaking down)

What is subacute inflammation?What is subacute inflammation?

When an acute inflammation reaction When an acute inflammation reaction fails to be resolved in one monthfails to be resolved in one month

What is it called if this What is it called if this inflammation lasts for months or inflammation lasts for months or even years?even years?

ChronicChronic

How does chronic inflammation How does chronic inflammation result?result?

From repeated acute microtraumas From repeated acute microtraumas and overuseand overuse

What are the methods to modify What are the methods to modify soft-tissue healing?soft-tissue healing?

Drugs to treat inflammationDrugs to treat inflammation Superficial thermal agentsSuperficial thermal agents Therapeutic modalitiesTherapeutic modalities Exercise and rehabilitationExercise and rehabilitation

Acute fracture healing falls into Acute fracture healing falls into what three phases?what three phases?

Acute phaseAcute phase Repair and regeneration phaseRepair and regeneration phase Remodeling phase Remodeling phase

What is involved in the acute What is involved in the acute phase of fracture healing?phase of fracture healing?

TraumaTrauma HemorrhageHemorrhage Bone deathBone death

What is involved in the repair and What is involved in the repair and regeneration phase of fracture regeneration phase of fracture healing?healing?

GranulationGranulation Woven boneWoven bone Soft callusSoft callus Hard callus Hard callus

What is involved in the remodeling What is involved in the remodeling phase of fracture healing?phase of fracture healing?

Resorption of the callusResorption of the callus Trabecular boneTrabecular bone Bone Bone

What are conditions that interfere What are conditions that interfere with fracture healing?with fracture healing?

Poor blood supplyPoor blood supply Poor immobilizationPoor immobilization