Chapter 10 The Rise of Christianity

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Chapter 10

The Rise of Christianity

Chapter 10


Chapter IntroductionSection 1

The First Christians Section 2 The Christian

ChurchSection 3 The Spread of

Christian Ideas Reading Review Chapter Assessment


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Chapter Objectives

• Describe how Jesus’ life, teachings, and death led to the birth of a new religion—Christianity.

• Explain how Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire.

• Evaluate the connections between religion and government during Christianity’s early years.


Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThis section describes the history of Roman-Jewish interaction, as well as the birth of Christianity.

The First Christians


Get Ready to Read (cont.)

Focusing on the Main Ideas


• Roman rule of Judaea led some Jews to oppose Rome peacefully, while others rebelled.

• Jesus of Nazareth preached of God’s love and forgiveness. He was eventually crucified and then reported to have risen from the dead.

• Jesus’ life and a belief in his resurrection led to a new religion called Christianity.



Locating Places• Jerusalem (juh·ROO·suh·luhm)

• Judaea (ju·DEE·uh)

• Nazareth (NA·zuh·ruhth)

• Galilee (GA·luh·LEE)

Meeting People• Jesus (JEE·zuhs)

• Peter

• Paul




Building Your Vocabulary

• messiah (muh·SY·uh)

• disciple (dih·SY·puhl)

• parable (PAR·uh·buhl)

• resurrection (REH·zuh·REHK·shuhn)

• apostle (uh·PAH·suhl)

• salvation (sal·VAY·shuhn)



Reading Strategy

Summarizing Information Complete a diagram like the one on page 342 of your textbook, showing the purposes of early Christian churches.



The Jews and the Romans

• Jerusalem was the capital of the kingdom of Israel.

• Emperor Augustus made Judah into a Roman province called Judaea in A.D. 6.

(page 343)

• During the 900s B.C., Israel was divided into two kingdoms: Israel and Judah.

• The Zealots were Jews who rebelled against the Romans in A.D. 66 to take back their kingdom.



The Jews and the Romans (cont.)

• The Zealots were defeated and the temple was destroyed.

• In retaliation, the Romans forced the Jews to leave Jerusalem and banned them from ever returning.

(page 343)

• The Jews rebelled again in A.D. 132 and were defeated again.



The Life of Jesus

• A messiah is a deliverer.

(pages 344–347)

• The Jews believed God would send a messiah to restore the kingdom.

• Jesus, a Jew born in the city of Nazareth, traveled throughout Judaea preaching his ideas.



The Life of Jesus (cont.)

• Jesus’ message was contained in a group of sayings called the Sermon on the Mount.

• Jesus believed in love and forgiveness, not simply following religious laws.


(pages 344–347)



• Jesus used parables to give his message.

• Parables are stories that use events from everyday life to express spiritual ideas.

• Jesus’ followers believed he was the messiah the Jews had been waiting for.


(pages 344–347)



• Leaders in Jerusalem charged Jesus with treason and crucified him.

• Jesus’ followers believe in Jesus’ resurrection, or rising from the dead.

• They founded a new religion called Christianity.


(pages 344–347)



• People who accepted Jesus as the messiah were called Christians.

• The Apostles were early Christian leaders who helped establish churches and spread Jesus’ word.

• Peter and Paul were two of Jesus’ apostles.

(pages 348–350)

• Christians have different beliefs from Jews.



The First Christians (cont.)

• Christians believe Jesus is the Son of God who came to save people.

• Christians believe people can gain salvation, or be saved from sin and allowed to enter heaven, by accepting Jesus.

• Christians believe in the Trinity, or one God who exists as three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.


(pages 348–350)



• Constantine (KAHN·stuhn·TEEN)

Meeting People

• Helena (HEHL·uh·nuh)

• Theodosius (THEE·uh·DOH·shuhs)

• Rome

Locating Places

The Christian Church



Building Your Vocabulary• persecute (PURH·sih·KYOOT) • martyr (MAHR·tuhr) • hierarchy (HY·uhr·AHR·kee)

• laity (LAY·uh·tee)

• clergy (KLUHR·jee)

• doctrine (DAHK·truhn) • gospel (GAHS·puhl)

• pope



Reading Strategy

Organizing Information Complete a diagram like the one on page 351 of your textbook, showing reasons for the growth of Christianity.



A Growing Faith

• Christianity became popular for several reasons.

• It appealed to the lower classes because it offered them hope.

• Christianity spread throughout Rome.

(pages 352–354)

• The ideals of Christianity were similar to what the people already believed.



A Growing Faith (cont.)

• Roman officials began to feel threatened by Christians.

• Also, Christianity gave people an opportunity to be part of a caring group of people.

• The Romans began to persecute, or mistreat, the Christians in A.D. 64.

• Martyrs are people willing to die rather than give up their beliefs.


(pages 352–354)



• The Edict of Milan in A.D. 313 gave religious freedom to all people and made Christianity legal.


(pages 352–354)



• Helena, Constantine’s mother, helped build churches in Rome and Jerusalem.

• Theodosius, the emperor after Constantine, made Christianity the official religion of Rome in A.D. 392.


(pages 352–354)


The Early Church

• Early Christians modeled their church after the Roman Empire’s government structure.

(pages 355–356)

• A hierarchy is an organization with different levels of authority.

• The Christian community’s hierarchy included five levels: the laity, clergy, bishops, archbishops, and patriarchs.

• Church members were the laity.



The Early Church (cont.)

• Church leaders were the clergy.

• Later, clergy were called priests.

• Several churches grouped together form a diocese, which was led by a bishop.

• An archbishop was a bishop in charge of an entire region.

• The five leading archbishops were known as patriarchs.


(pages 355–356)



• Doctrine is official church teaching.

• Jesus’ followers, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, left a written record of his teachings.

• Each of the apostles’ works is called a gospel, and all four gospels together are part of the New Testament of the Bible.


(pages 355–356)



• Gradually the pope claimed power over other bishops.

• The Latin-speaking churches in the West that were led by the pope became the Roman Catholic Church.

• The pope was the bishop of Rome.


(pages 355–356)

The Spread of Christian Ideas

Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThis section describes the relationship between church and government in the Byzantine Empire, as well as the spread of Christianity.


Focusing on the Main Ideas

• Church and government worked closely together in the Byzantine Empire.

• Christians founded new communities and spread their faith to various parts of Europe.




Locating Places• Byzantine Empire (BIH·zuhn·TEEN

EHM·PYR)

• Britain (BRIH·tuhn)

• Charlemagne (SHAHR·luh·MAYN)

Meeting People

• Basil (BAY·zuhl)

• Ireland (EYER·luhnd)

• Benedict (BEH·nuh·DIHKT)




• Cyril (SUHR·uhl)

Meeting People (cont.)

• Patrick

Building Your Vocabulary• icon (EYE·KAHN)

• iconoclast (eye·KAH·nuh·KLAST)

• excommunicate (EHK·skuh·MYOO·nuh·KAYT)




Building Your Vocabulary (cont.)

• monastery (MAH·nuh·STEHR·ee)

• missionary (MIH·shuh·NEHR·ee)

Reading Strategy

Organizing Information Create a diagram like the one on page 358 of your textbook to show the reach of Christian missionaries.

• schism (SIH·zuhm)




The Byzantine Church

• The Greek-speaking Christians in the East developed their own form of Christianity, the Eastern Orthodox Church.

• The Byzantines believed their emperor represented Jesus Christ on Earth.

(pages 359–361)

• The emperor appointed the patriarch of Constantinople, the leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church.



The Byzantine Church (cont.)

• Different parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church argued over the use of icons, or images of Jesus, Mary, the saints, or other Christian holy people.

• In A.D. 726, Emperor Leo III ordered all icons removed from churches.

• People who carried out the order were known as iconoclasts, or image breakers.

(pages 359–361)




• The Byzantines did not accept the pope’s claim that he was head of all Christian churches, including the Eastern Orthodox Church.

• After stopping an invasion of Italy by the Franks, the pope named Charlemagne, a Frankish king, as Byzantine emperor.

• The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church eventually excommunicated each other.

(pages 359–361)




• Excommunication is a declaration that a person or group no longer belongs to the church.

• The split of the two churches was known as a schism.

(pages 359–361)



Christian Ideas Spread

• Religious men called monks formed communities called monasteries.

• Christianity helped people achieve order after the fall of Rome.

(pages 361–364)

• Religious women became nuns and formed religious communities of their own, called convents.

• Paula was a widow who gave up her wealth to build churches, a hospital, and a convent in Palestine.



Christian Ideas Spread (cont.)

• Basil was a bishop who created a list of rules for monks and nuns called the Basilian Rule.

• She also helped translate the Bible into Latin.

• Benedict was an Italian monk who created the Benedictine Rule, the rules for Western monks.

(pages 361–364)




• Cyril was a Byzantine missionary who created the Cyrillic alphabet, so Slavic people could read and understand the Bible.

• Missionaries are people who teach their religion to those who do not believe.

• Christianity spread north of the Byzantine Empire into Slavic countries and west into Britain and Ireland.

(pages 361–364)




• The Celts, who lived in Britain before the invasion of the Anglos and Saxons, fled to Ireland.

• Anglos and Saxons invaded Britain and united to form the Anglo-Saxons.

• Patrick was a priest who brought Christianity to Ireland.

(pages 361–364)


Spread of Christianity A.D. 325

Spread of Christianity A.D. 325–1100

The Rise of Christianity Introduction

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Sermon on the Mount

Focus on Everyday Life

Christians believed in resurrection, the idea that the body would one day reunite with the soul. For this reason, they would not allow their dead bodies to be burned, which was the Roman custom. Also, Roman law did not allow bodies to be buried aboveground. Therefore, starting in the A.D. 100s, Christians buried their dead beneath the city of Rome in a series of dark, cold, stench-filled tunnels called catacombs. Each tunnel was about 8 feet high and less than 3 feet wide. Bodies were stacked in slots along the sides of the tunnels. The catacomb walls were painted with images from the Bible or from Greek or Roman mythology. More than five million bodies were buried under Roman streets and buildings. Many of the Christians buried there were martyrs who had been killed for their beliefs.

Christian Catacombs

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Connecting to the Past

The did not believe in cremation and it was against the law to be buried aboveground.

1. Why did Christians bury their dead in catacombs?

2. What skills do you think would be necessary to dig and plan catacombs?

You would need mathematics, engineering, physics and physical skills as well as physical strength.


c. 6 B.C.–A.D. 30Jesus of Nazareth


Paul of Tarsus C. A.D. 10–65

Chapter 10 The Rise of Christianity

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