Chapter 10

• The Renaissance was an age of rapid change during which people turned from medieval values of hierarchy, community, and authority to embrace individualism and realism.

• The Renaissance: a Controversial Idea– Medieval Antecedents

A New Spirit Emerges: Individualism, Realism, and Activism

• Why Italy?– Plague Disruptions

• A Multifaceted Movement– Individualism– Realism– Activism– A Secular Spirit

A New Spirit Emerges: Individualism, Realism, and Activism

• Humanism: The Path to Self-Improvement– Humanist Curriculum– Self-Improvement Books– Women Humanists

• The Generosity of Patrons: Supporting New Ideas– Religious Patronage

• The Invention of the Printing Press: Spreading New Ideas

Chapter 10

• The struggle between popes and emperors allowed the Italian city-states the opportunity to govern themselves independently, using a variety of governments ranging from republic to hereditary monarchies.

The Politics of Individual Effort

• The Italian City-States

• Florence: Birthplace of the Renaissance– The Medici– Sovonarola

• Venice: The Serene Republic?– Overseas Trade

The Politics of Individual Effort

• Milan and Naples: Two Principalities– Naples

• The Papal States– Papal Patronage– The Borgia Family– Julius II

• The Art of Diplomacy– Machiavelli

Chapter 10

• The Renaissance encouraged individualism for some, but the family remained the most stable structure in Renaissance life, and freedoms were limited for some members of society.

– Rising Crime

Individualism as Self-Interest: Life During the Renaissance

• Growing Intolerance

• Economic Boom Times– Wool and Silk– Banking

• Slavery Revived– Sources of Slaves

• Finding Comfort in Family– Marriage Alliances

• Children’s Lives– Childhood Hardships

Chapter 10

• Although some experienced harshness and inequality during the Renaissance, this period also produced great artists who combined classical ideals, the religious themes of the medieval period, and the realism of their own era to create works of enduring beauty.

An Age of Talent and Beauty: Renaissance Culture and Science

• Artists and Artisans

• Architecture: Echoing the Human Form– Human Architecture– Domes– Town Planning

• Sculpture Comes into Its Own– Michelangelo’s David

An Age of Talent and Beauty: Renaissance Culture and Science

• Painting from a new Perspective– Linear Perspective– Rapheal

• Science or Pseudoscience?– Astrology and Alchemy– Mathematics and Anatomy

• Leonardo da Vinci: The “Renaissance Man”– Painting– Scientific Notebooks

Chapter 10

• As feudalism disintegrated in Northern Europe, monarchs concentrated their royal authority and encouraged the incorporation of Renaissance ideas into their own cultures.

Renaissance of the “New Monarchies” of the North: 1453-1640

• France: Under the Italian Influence– Louis the Spider– Italians in France

• English Humanism– Thomas More– Renaissance Queens

• Renaissance London: A Booming City– The South Bank

• England’s Pride: William Shakespeare

Chapter 11

• The expansionist wars of the sixteenth century were motivated by the hunger of monarchs for land and power, but soldiers and civilians bore the heavy costs of these wars.

The Clash of Dynasties, 1515-1555

• Land-Hungry Monarchs– Turkish Expansion

• The Changing Rules of Warfare– Growing Armies

• Winners and Losers– Casualties of War

• The Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521-1544– Weary Imperialists

Chapter 11

• The humanism of the Renaissance was accompanied by questions about salvation that eventually led to a religious revolution across Europe.

A Tide of Religious Reform

• The Best Path to Salvation?

• Desiderius Erasmus: “Prince of Humanists”– Religious Satires

• Luther’s Revolution– Attack on Indulgences– Ninety-Five Theses

• Protestant Religious Ideas– Priesthood of all Believers– Sacraments

A Tide of Religious Reform

• The Reformed Church takes Root in Germany– Peasants’ War– Peace of Augsburg

• Bringing Reform to the States in Switzerland– Zwingli

• Anabaptists: Radical Reformers– Church VS. State– Radical Reformers

A Tide of Religious Reform

• Calvinism and the Growing Middle Class– Predestination– Spread of Calvinism

• Henry VIII and the English Church– Seeking a Male Heir– Henry’s Annulment– Church of England– Edward VI– “Bloody Mary”– Elizabeth I– Europe Divided

Chapter 11

• The spirit of reform also took hold with the Catholic church, and in the process, Catholicism itself was transformed and reaffirmed.

• The Stirring of Reform in Spain

The Catholic Reformation

• The Society of Jesus– Jesuits Established

– Baroque Art

• The Council of Trent, 1545-1563– Reforming Corruption

– Affirming Doctrine

– El Greco

– Scripture and Tradition

• Catholics on the Offense– Spanish Inquisition

– Philip II

Chapter 11

• The religious wars that plagued Europe in the sixteenth century also raised questions of the relationship between states and religions and the rights of rulers to decide the faiths of their subjects.

Europe Erupts Again: A Century of Religious Warfare, 1559-1648

• French Wars of Religion, 1562-1598– Catholics vs. Huguenots– Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre– Peace in France

• A “Council of Blood” in the Netherlands, 1566-1609– Revolt Breaks Out– Armada Against England– Netherlands Split

Europe Erupts Again: A Century of Religious Warfare, 1559-1648

• The Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648– War Breaks Out– Wallenstein– From Religion to Politics– Devastation

• Peace at Westphalia– Political Results

Chapter 11

• The Protestant Reformation provoked dramatic changes in attitudes toward marriage, education, work, and community.

Life After the Reformation

• New Definitions of Courtship and Marriage– Courtship

• Forging a Link Between Education and Work– Valuing literacy– Valuing Work

• Anxiety and Spiritual Insecurity– Charitable Institutions– Decline of “magic”

• Searching for Scapegoats: The Hunt for Witches– Devil Worship– Persecutions

Chapter 12

• Drawn by the luxuries of the east, Europeans set out to explore a world distorted by their own imaginations and lack of knowledge.

The World Imagined

• The Lure of the “East”– Eastern Trade

• Imagined Peoples

• Ptolemy’s Map– Ptolemy’s World View

Chapter 12

• Fame, fortune, and faith motivated the explorations that led to the discovery of the New World and European settlements across the globe.

The World Discovered

• Fame, Fortune, and Faith: The Drive to Explore

• New Technologies and Travel– Navigation Instruments– Improved Ships

• The Portuguese Race for the East, 1450-1600– Trading Outposts

The World Discovered

• Spain’s Westward Discoveries, 1492-1522– Columbus’ Discoveries– Treaty of Tordesillas– Circumnavigating the Globe

• The Northern Europeans Join the Race, 1600-1650– Settlements in Canada– Dutch Colonies– English Colonies

Chapter 12

• Early contacts between Europeans and other peoples quickly deteriorated as Europeans forced Amerindians, Africans, and Asians to cooperate in the fulfillment of European material and spiritual needs.

Confrontation of Cultures• The Original Americans

– Agriculture– Empire Building– Aztec Empire

• Early Contacts– North American Contacts– Deteriorating Relations

• Conquest of the Great Empires, 1520-1550– Corte’s Explorations– Confronting the Aztecs– Aztecs Conquered– Incas Conquered– Germs

Confrontation of Cultures

• Life and Death Under European Rule, 1550-1700– Enforced Labor– American Mortality

• The African Slave Trade– Sugar Plantations– African Slaves– Impact in Africa– Slave Rebellions

• Gathering Souls in the New Lands– Virgin of Guadalupe– Missionaries– Christianity Transformed

Chapter 12

• The Emergence of trade on a global scale triggered revolutionary changes in government policies, banking, work, and attitudes.

The World Market and Commercial Revolution

• High Prices and Profit: Trading on the World Stage– Inflation

• The Rise of Commercial Capitalism– Capitalist Ideas

– Joint-Stock Companies

• Mercantilism: Controlling the Balance of Trade– Economic Nationalism

– Economic Regulations

• The Growth of Banking– State Banks

The World Market and Commercial Revolution

• The Danger of Overspending: Spain Learns a Lesson

• Redefining Work Roles– Women’s Work– Leaving the Work Force

• Piracy: Banditry on a World Scale, 1550-1700– Early Privateers– Pirate Life

Chapter 12

• Contact and commerce between Europe and the rest of the world transformed both European and American; and African and Asian cultures as plants, goods, and ideas were exchanged.

European Culture Spreads

• European Culture Spreads– Plants– Population Mixing

• European Culture Transformed– New Foods– New Stimulants– Tobacco

• A New Worldview– Scientific Observations– Mercator Maps