Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage...
-
Upload
theodora-dalton -
Category
Documents
-
view
226 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage...
![Page 1: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics
10.1 Meiosis10.2 Mendelian Genetics10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy
![Page 2: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
10.1 Meiosis
• Objectives• Explain the reduction in chromosome
number that occurs during meiosis• Recognize and summarize the stages
of meiosis• Analyze the importance of meiosis in
providing genetic variation
![Page 3: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
10.1 Meiosis
• Review Vocabulary• Chromosome – cellular structure that contains DNA
• New Vocabulary• Gene• Homologous chromosome• Gamete• Haploid• Fertilization• Diploid• Meiosis• Crossing over
![Page 4: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Chromosomes and Chromosome Number• Characteristics are passed on to offspring by
parents• Each characteristic is called a trait• Instructions for each trait are located on
chromosomes found in the nucleus of cells• The DNA on chromosomes is arranged in
segments called genes that control the production of proteins
• Each chromosome consists of approximately 1500 genes, each gene playing an important role in determining the characteristics and functions of the cell.
![Page 5: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Chromosomes and Chromosome Number• Human body cells have 46
chromosomes• Each parent contributes 23
chromosomes, resulting in 23 pairs of chromosomes
• Homologous chromosomes – one of two paired chromosomes, one from each parent
![Page 6: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Chromosomes and Chromosome Number• Homologous
chromosomes• Same length• Same centromere
position• Carry genes that
control the same inherited traits
![Page 7: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Haploid and Diploid Cells
• An organism produces gametes to maintain the same number of chromosomes from generation to generation
• Gametes are sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes
• Human gametes contain 23 chromosomes
![Page 8: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Haploid and Diploid Cells
• The symbol n represents the number of chromosomes in a gamete
• A cell with n chromosomes is called a haploid cell (single)
• The process by which one haploid gamete combines with another haploid gamete is called fertilization
• As a result of fertilization, the cell will contain a total of 2n chromosomes
• A cell that contains 2n chromosomes is called a diploid cell (double)
![Page 9: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Meiosis I• The sexual life cycle in
animals involves meiosis, which is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes (reduction division)
• Meiosis produces gametes
• When gametes combine in fertilization, the number of chromosomes is restored
![Page 10: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Meiosis I
• Stages of Meiosis I• Reduces the chromosome number by
half through the separation of homologous chromosomes
• Involves two consecutive cell divisions called meiosis I and meiosis II
![Page 11: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Meiosis I
• Interphase• Chromosomes
replicate• Chromatin
condenses
![Page 12: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Meiosis I
• Prophase I • Synapsis occurs – the
physical binding of homologous chromosomes
• Each chromosome consists of two chromatids
• The nuclear envelope breaks down
• Spindles form
![Page 13: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Meiosis I• Prophase I
• Crossing over produces exchange of genetic material
• Crossing over – chromosomal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes
![Page 14: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Meiosis I
• Metaphase I• Chromosome
centromeres attach to spindle fibers
• Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator
![Page 15: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Meiosis I
• Anaphase I• Homologous
chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
![Page 16: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Meiosis I
• Telophase I• The spindles break down• Chromosomes uncoil and form two nuclei• The cell divides
![Page 17: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Meiosis II
• Prophase II• A second set of
phases begins as the spindle apparatus forms and the chromosomes condense
![Page 18: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Meiosis II
• Metaphase II• A haploid
number of chromosomes line up at the equator
![Page 19: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Meiosis II
• Anaphase II• The sister
chromatids are pulled apart at the centromere by spindle fibers and move toward the opposite poles of the cell
![Page 20: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Meiosis II
• Telophase II• The chromosomes
reach the poles, and the nuclear membrane and nuclei reform
![Page 21: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Meiosis II
• Cytokinesis results in four haploid cells, each with n number of chromosomes
![Page 22: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The Importance of Meiosis
• Meiosis consists of two sets of divisions
• Produces four haploid daughter cells that are not identical
• Results in genetic variation
![Page 23: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Mitosis v. Meiosis
• Mitosis• One division occurs• DNA replication occurs during
interphase• Synapsis of homologous
chromosomes does not occur• Two identical cells are formed
per cell cycle• Mitosis occurs only in body cells• Mitosis is involved in growth and
repair
• See Biology Concepts 32: Mitosis v. Meiosis
• Meiosis• Two sets of divisions occur during
meiosis: meiosis I and meiosis II• DNA replication occurs once before
meiosis I• Synapsis of homologous
chromosomes occurs during prophase I
• Four haploid cells (n) are formed per cell cycle
• The daughter cells are not genetically identical because of crossing over
• Meiosis occurs in reproductive cells• Meiosis is involved in the production
of gametes and providing genetic variation in organisms
![Page 24: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Meiosis Provides Variation
• Depending on how the chromosomes line up at the equator, four gametes with four different combinations of chromosomes can result.
• Genetic variation also is produced during crossing over and during fertilization, when gametes randomly combine
![Page 25: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Sexual Reproduction v. Asexual Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction• The organism inherits all of its chromosomes from a single
parent• The new individual is genetically identical to its parent• Example - Bacteria
• Sexual Reproduction• Beneficial genes multiply faster over time• Example – Humans
• Most protists reproduce both asexually and sexually, depending on environmental conditions
• Most plants and many of the more simple animals can reproduce both asexually and sexually
![Page 26: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
• Objectives• Explain the significaance of Mendel’s
experiments to the study of genetics• Summarize the law of segregation
and the law of independent assortment
• Predict the possible offspring from a cross using a Punnett Square
![Page 27: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
10.2 Mendelian Genetics
• Review Vocabulary• Segregation – the separation of allelic genes that
typically occurs during meiosis• New Vocabulary
• Genetics• Allele• Dominant• Recessive• Homozygous• Heterozygous• Genotype• Phenotype• Lae of segregation• Hybrid• Law of independent assortment
![Page 28: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
How Genetics Began
• In 1866, Gregor Mendel, an Australian monk and a plant breeder, published his findings on the method and the mathematics of inheritance in garden pea plants
• Mendel is known as the father of genetics
• Genetics is the science of heredity
![Page 29: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
How Genetics Began
• The passing of traits to the next generation is called inheritance, or heredity
• Mendel chose pea plants for his study• Easy to grow• Many are true breeding - they consistently produce offspring
with only one form of a trait• Usually reproduce by self-fertilization - when a male gamete
within a flower combines with a female gamete in the same flower
• Mendel performed cross-pollination by transferring a male gamete from the flower of one pea plant to the female reproductive organ in another pea plant
• Mendel followed various traits in the pea plants he bred
![Page 30: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The Inheritance of Traits
• The parent generation is also known as the P generation
• The offspring of this P cross are called the first filial (F1) generation
• The second filial (F2) generation is the offspring from the F1 cross
![Page 31: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The Inheritance of Traits
• Mendel studied seven different traits• Seed or pea color• Flower color• Seed pod color• Seed shape or texture• Seed pod shape• Stem length• Flower position
• F1 generation plants from these crosses showed a 3:1 ratio
![Page 32: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Genes in Pairs
• Mendel concluded from his studies that there must be two forms of a trait, controlled by a factor, which is now called an allele
• An allele is an alternative form of a single gene passed from generation to generation• Dominant - form of the trait that appeared
in the F1 generation• Recessive – form of the trait that was
masked in the F1 generation
![Page 33: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Dominance
• Dominant alleles is represented by a capital letter. Yellow-seed forms are a dominant trait (Y)
• Recessive alleles are represented by a lowercase letter. Green-seed forms are a recessive trait (y)
![Page 34: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Dominance
• An organism with two of the same alleles for a particular trait is homozygous • YY – yellow-seed plants • yy - green-seed plants
• An organism with two different alleles for a particular trait is heterozygous• Yy – dominant allele is observed,
therefore, yellow-seed plants
![Page 35: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Genotype and Phenotype
• Genotype – genetic make-up or allelles present• YY, yy, or Yy
• Phenotype – physical or observable characteristic• Yellow-seed or green-seed
![Page 36: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Mendel’s Law of Segregation• Two allelles of each trait separate during
meiosis• During fertilization, two alleles for that trait
unite• Heterozygous organisms are called hybrids
![Page 37: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Monohybrid Cross
• A cross that involves hybrids for a single trait is called a monohybrid cross
• Three possible genotypes YY, Yy and yy
• Genotype ratio is 1:2:1
• Phenotype ratio is 3:1 – yellow seeds to green seeds
![Page 38: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Dihybrid Cross
• The simultaneous inheritance of two or more traits in the same plant is a dihybrid cross
• Dihybrids are heterozygous for both traits
![Page 39: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Law of independent Assortment
• Random distribution of alleles occurs during gamete formation
• Genes on separate chromosomes sort independently during meiosis
• Each allele combination is equally likely to occur
![Page 40: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Punnett Square-Monohybrid Cross• A tool used to
predicts the possible offspring of a cross between two known genotypes
![Page 41: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Punnett Square-Dihybrid Cross• Four types of alleles
from the male gametes and four types of alleles from the female gametes can be produced
• The resulting phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1
![Page 42: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy• Objectives
• Summarize how the process of meiosis produces genetic recombination
• Explain how gene linkage can be used to create chromosome maps
• Analyze why polyploidy is important to the field of agriculture
![Page 43: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy• Review Vocabulary
• Protein – large, complex polymer essential to all life that provides structure for tissues and organs and helps carry out cell metabolism
• New Vocabulary• Genetic recombination• polyploidy
![Page 44: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Genetic Recombination
• The new combination of genes produced by crossing over and independent assortment
• Combinations of genes due to independent assortment can be calculated using the formula 2n, where n is the number of chromosome pairs
• In humans, the possible number of combinations after fertilization would be 223 x 223, or more than 70 trillion. This number does not include the amount of genetic recombination produced by crossing over
![Page 45: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Gene Linkage• The linkage of genes on a chromosome results
in an exception to Mendel’s law of independent assortment because linked genes usually do not segregate independently
• Yet linked genes do not always travel together during meiosis due to crossing over
![Page 46: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Chromosome Maps
• A drawing that shows the sequence of genes on a chromosome and can be created by using cross-over data
• Chromosome map percentages are not actual chromosome distances, but they represent relative positions of the genes
• Genes that are further apart would have a greater frequency of crossing over.
![Page 47: Chapter 10: Sexual Reproduction and Genetics 10.1 Meiosis 10.2 Mendelian Genetics 10.3 Gene Linkage and Polyploidy.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062222/5697bfd41a28abf838cacbbf/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Polyploidy
• The occurrence of one or more extra sets of all chromosomes in an organism is polyploidy
• A triploid organism, for instance, would be designated 3n, which means that it has three complete sets of chromosomes
• In humans, polyploidy is always lethal• In plants, polyploidy is associated with
increased vigor and size