CHAPTER 10 SECRET LIFE OF A SENTENCE SECRET LIFE OF A SENTENCE REVEALED English for Careers, 9th...

CHAPTER 10CHAPTER 10

SECRET LIFE OF A SENTENCESECRET LIFE OF A SENTENCE

REVEALED

English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith

©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.Pearson Prentice HallUpper Saddle River, NJ 07458

ENGLISH FOR CAREERS, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and Technicalby Leila R. SmithPresentation design by Barbara Moran



Chapter 10 helps you...Chapter 10 helps you...

Identify and correct:Identify and correct: FragmentsFragments

Run-onsRun-ons

Comma splicesComma splices Construct complete and correct sentencesConstruct complete and correct sentences Say NO to sentence blunders and gaffesSay NO to sentence blunders and gaffes

NO!NO!



Incomplete sentences are calledIncomplete sentences are called

fragmentsfragmentsIncomplete sentences are calledIncomplete sentences are called

fragmentsfragments

Because the sunset was beautiful.Because the sunset was beautiful.

(A(A fragmentfragment may seem like a may seem like a sentence if it begins with a capital sentence if it begins with a capital letter and ends with a period.)letter and ends with a period.)

Because the sunset was beautiful, we Because the sunset was beautiful, we paused to watch it.paused to watch it.



The opposite of a fragment is aThe opposite of a fragment is a run-onrun-on

The opposite of a fragment is aThe opposite of a fragment is a run-onrun-on

We didn’t enjoy the hike the rain was so We didn’t enjoy the hike the rain was so bad.bad.

AA run-onrun-on is missing punctuation is missing punctuation or a connecting word.or a connecting word.

We didn’t enjoy the hike We didn’t enjoy the hike becausebecause the the rain was so bad.rain was so bad.We didn’t enjoy the We didn’t enjoy the hike. Thehike. The rain was rain was so bad.so bad.



A A comma splicecomma splice is a is a run-on run-on with a comma.with a comma. A A comma splicecomma splice is a is a run-on run-on with a comma.with a comma.

We enjoyed sitting around the We enjoyed sitting around the campfire, we could hear the owls.campfire, we could hear the owls.

A A comma splicecomma splice is missing is missing correct punctuation or a correct punctuation or a connecting word.connecting word.

We enjoyed sitting around the We enjoyed sitting around the campfire; wecampfire; we could hear the owls. could hear the owls.We enjoyed sitting around the We enjoyed sitting around the campfire campfire becausebecause we could hear the we could hear the owls.owls.

We enjoyed sitting around the We enjoyed sitting around the campfire. Wecampfire. We could hear the owls. could hear the owls.



Basic needs of a sentenceBasic needs of a sentenceIdentityIdentity

Who or whatWho or whatActionAction

Doing, having, being, helpingDoing, having, being, helpingIndependenceIndependence

Able to stand aloneAble to stand alone



Identity: The SubjectIdentity: The SubjectWord(s) that tell who or what the Word(s) that tell who or what the

sentence is about -- always a noun or sentence is about -- always a noun or pronounpronoun

Identity: The SubjectIdentity: The SubjectWord(s) that tell who or what the Word(s) that tell who or what the

sentence is about -- always a noun or sentence is about -- always a noun or pronounpronoun

Action: The VerbAction: The VerbWord that tells what the Word that tells what the

subject subject doesdoes or or hashas (action or (action or having) or having) or isis (being) (being)

May also include a helping verbMay also include a helping verb

Action: The VerbAction: The VerbWord that tells what the Word that tells what the

subject subject doesdoes or or hashas (action or (action or having) or having) or isis (being) (being)

May also include a helping verbMay also include a helping verb



IndependenceIndependenceA sentence that can stand alone A sentence that can stand alone

and make senseand make sense

IndependenceIndependenceA sentence that can stand alone A sentence that can stand alone

and make senseand make sense

•Word group with a subject and verb is a Word group with a subject and verb is a clauseclause. .

•A A clauseclause may be either may be either

•dependentdependent (cannot stand alone and (cannot stand alone and make sense) or make sense) or

•independentindependent (can stand alone and (can stand alone and make sense)make sense)

Every sentence must have at least one Every sentence must have at least one independent clause.independent clause.



An An independentindependent clause clause may be may be used as a sentence:used as a sentence:An An independentindependent clause clause may be may be used as a sentence:used as a sentence:The camping trip was fabulous.

An An independent clauseindependent clause that begins with that begins with a capital letter and ends with correct a capital letter and ends with correct punctuation is complete.punctuation is complete.



A A dependentdependent clause clause may NOT may NOT be used as a sentence.be used as a sentence.A A dependentdependent clause clause may NOT may NOT be used as a sentence.be used as a sentence.

Dependent clausesDependent clauses contain dependent contain dependent conjunctions, such as: conjunctions, such as: after, although, after, although, as, because, before, even though, if, as, because, before, even though, if, since, until, when, whysince, until, when, why (your textbook (your textbook lists others)lists others)

AfterAfter the sunset was gone the sunset was gone

is one correct method of joining two independentsis one correct method of joining two independents

;;

We didn’t enjoy the We didn’t enjoy the hike; thehike; the rain was rain was so bad.so bad.



Another way to join independents correctly is to insert a followed by one of the following conjunctions:

Another way to join independents correctly is to insert a followed by one of the following conjunctions:

andand

butbut yetyetoror

nornor forfor

soso

’’



If the independent clauses total no more than 10 or 11 words and you join them with and or or, a isn’t needed.

If the independent clauses total no more than 10 or 11 words and you join them with and or or, a isn’t needed.

I can bring the water I can bring the water andand Jose can pack the food. Jose can pack the food.

Bring a tent Bring a tent oror share a tent with Twileen. share a tent with Twileen.

’’



TransitionsTransitions help readers cross help readers cross over from one idea to the next over from one idea to the next

closely related ideaclosely related idea..

TransitionsTransitions help readers cross help readers cross over from one idea to the next over from one idea to the next

closely related ideaclosely related idea..

Make the coffeeMake the coffee. Then. Then I can start the eggs. I can start the eggs. The fire is hotThe fire is hot, yet, yet the eggs aren’t done. the eggs aren’t done.

Heat butter in the panHeat butter in the pan, , andand then then you add eggs. you add eggs.

It’s hard to cook in the rainIt’s hard to cook in the rain. In fact,. In fact, it’s it’s impossible.impossible.

Two eggs got brokenTwo eggs got broken; however; however, there are some left., there are some left.

(Your textbook offers other examples)(Your textbook offers other examples) (Your textbook offers other examples)(Your textbook offers other examples) English for Careers, 9th EditionBusiness, Professional, and TechnicalBy Leila R. Smith




When a When a dependent clausedependent clause is connected is connected to an to an independent clauseindependent clause, it makes a , it makes a complete sentence. Use acomplete sentence. Use a dependent dependent conjunction.conjunction.

When a When a dependent clausedependent clause is connected is connected to an to an independent clauseindependent clause, it makes a , it makes a complete sentence. Use acomplete sentence. Use a dependent dependent conjunction.conjunction.

We threw the eggs out We threw the eggs out becausebecause of the bad taste. of the bad taste.

We haven’t eaten We haven’t eaten sincesince dinner last night. dinner last night.

Let’s make sandwiches Let’s make sandwiches beforebefore going hiking. going hiking.



Answer: RUN-ONAnswer: RUN-ON

Birds sing they Birds sing they also fly.also fly.

Let’s review! Guess if the following Let’s review! Guess if the following sentences aresentences are fragments, run-ons, or fragments, run-ons, or comma splicescomma splices..



Answer: COMMA SPLICEAnswer: COMMA SPLICE

Birds sing, they also fly.Birds sing, they also fly.



Answer: FRAGMENTAnswer: FRAGMENT

Even though most birds fly.Even though most birds fly.



Congratulations! You have seen how toCongratulations! You have seen how to

Identify and correct:Identify and correct: FragmentsFragments

Run-onsRun-ons Comma splicesComma splices

Construct complete and correct sentencesConstruct complete and correct sentences Say NO to sentence blunders and gaffesSay NO to sentence blunders and gaffes

CHAPTER 10 SECRET LIFE OF A SENTENCE SECRET LIFE OF A SENTENCE REVEALED English for Careers, 9th...

Documents

Transcript of CHAPTER 10 SECRET LIFE OF A SENTENCE SECRET LIFE OF A SENTENCE REVEALED English for Careers, 9th...