Chapter 10: Patient Care: Dental
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Transcript of Chapter 10: Patient Care: Dental
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Chapter 10: Patient Care: DentalChapter 10: Patient Care: Dental
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DentistsDentists
• Early History
– Ancient Egypt
• Hesi-Re (died in 2600 BC): first dentist known to historians
– Ancient Romans
• Promoted oral hygiene
• Used tooth-cleaning powders & toothpicks
– Ancient India & Islamic countries
• Physicians or surgeons performed dentistry
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Dentists (cont’d)Dentists (cont’d)
• The Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and the 17th Century
– Medieval Europe
• Monks provided dental care
• Barbers were surgical assistants
• Catholic Church forbade monks to practice medical/dental care
• Barbers became dental care providers
• Barber-surgeons extracted teeth
– Renaissance: renewed study of human anatomy, including dental
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Dentists (cont’d)Dentists (cont’d)
• Dentistry in the U.S.
– Colonial America: physicians provide dental care
• Tooth-drawers, surgeon-dentists, barbers, & blacksmiths extracted teeth
• Advertisements of services in newspapers (Paul Revere)
– 1840: first dental college established, in Baltimore
– 1859: American Dental Association formed
– By 1880: 28 dental schools established
– 1928: creation of national exam
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Dentists (cont’d)Dentists (cont’d)
• Education
– 4-year accredited dental school is standard
– 58 accredited programs in U.S.
– Requirements for entering dental school:
• At least 2 years of college education (most have bachelor’s)
• Passing the Dental Admission Test (DAT)
– Diagnosing & treating tooth & gum disease in first 2 years
– Treatment of patients under supervision in last 2 years
– Schools award DDS or DMD degree
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Dentists (cont’d)Dentists (cont’d)
• Course Work
– Anatomy & physiology
– Biochemistry
– Microbiology
– Laboratory techniques
– Pharmacology
– Histology
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Dentists (cont’d)Dentists (cont’d)
• Licensure
– Required by all states
– Requires:
• Graduation from accredited dental school
• Passing of written & practical exam
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Dentists (cont’d)Dentists (cont’d)
• General Duties
– Examine a patient’s teeth, gums, & mouth
– Interpret an x-ray
– Formulate a plan of treatment
– Administer an anesthetic
– Fill a cavity
– Apply a crown
– Perform a root canal
– Extract a tooth
– Apply braces
– Insert a dental implant
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Dentists (cont’d)Dentists (cont’d)
• Specialties
– Orthodontics
– Oral & maxillofacial surgery
– Pediatric dentistry
– Periodontics
– Prosthodontics
– Endodontics
– Dental public health
– Oral & maxillofacial pathology
– Oral & maxillofacial radiology
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Dentists (cont’d)Dentists (cont’d)
• Personal Characteristics
– Self-discipline
– Strong work ethic
– Good problem-solving skills
– Attention to detail
– Patience
– Thoroughness
– Focus
– Manual dexterity
– Communication skills
– Genial personality
– Positive attitude
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Dentists (cont’d)Dentists (cont’d)
• Employment Opportunities and Trends
– 16% growth from 2008 to 2018
– In demand due to:
• Population growth
• Preventive care for younger people
• Increasing dental coverage among private insurance companies
• Rising popularity of cosmetic dental services
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Dentists (cont’d)Dentists (cont’d)
• Professional Organization: ADA
– >157,000 members
– Advocates for dental profession & oral health
– Monitors policy issues in Congress, state legislatures, regulatory agencies, & foreign governments
– Establishes standards for & accredits dental education programs
– Issues Dental Admission Test and National Board Dental Examinations
– Develops standards for dental products & testing them
– Conducts scientific research
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Dental HygienistsDental Hygienists
• History of the Profession
– 1890: publication of Microorganisms of the Human Mouth by Willoughby D. Miller
– 1896: Alfred C. Fones integrated oral hygiene into practice
– 1913: Fones opened first oral hygiene school
– 1916: first university program started at Columbia University
– 1923: formation of American Dental Hygienists’ Association (ADHA)
– 1951: all states required licensure
– 1952: accreditation of schools begun
– 1962: first national board exam administered
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Dental Hygienists (cont’d)Dental Hygienists (cont’d)
• Education
– Most programs offer associate’s degree
– Some offer certificate, bachelor’s degree, or master’s degree
– Entrance requirements: HS diploma or equivalent
– Academic classes & supervised clinical instruction
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Dental Hygienists (cont’d)Dental Hygienists (cont’d)
• Course Work
– Basic science
– Dental science
– Dental hygiene science
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Dental Hygienists (cont’d)Dental Hygienists (cont’d)
• Licensure
– Required in all states
– Requires:
• Graduation from accredited program
• Passing written exam & clinical board exam
– Renewal required periodically (continuing education)
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Dental Hygienists (cont’d)Dental Hygienists (cont’d)
• Work Responsibilities
– Clean teeth
– Remove plaque & other materials from teeth & below gum line
– Polish teeth
– Examine mouth for tooth decay & gum disease
– Take x-rays
– Apply fluoride treatments, sealants, & other materials
– Make casts of patients’ teeth
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Dental Hygienists (cont’d)Dental Hygienists (cont’d)
• Personal Characteristics
– Detail oriented
– Manual dexterity
– Efficient
– Well-organized
– Good people skills
– Patient
– Flexible
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Dental Hygienists (cont’d)Dental Hygienists (cont’d)
• Employment Opportunities and Trends
– Rapid growth: 36% between 2008 & 2018
– Ranks first among all occupations requiring associate’s degree
– Job growth due to:
• Increase demand for dental services due to expanding population
• Aging population
• Growing focus on preventive care
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Dental Hygienists (cont’d)Dental Hygienists (cont’d)
• Professional Organization: ADHA
– Three-tier structure: national, state, local
– Monitors legislation & federal activities
– Represents profession before Congress
– Advocates on issues of scope of practice, education, & licensing
– Promotes dental hygiene education & research through fellowships & grants
– Offers continuing education programs, networking, employment assistance program
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Dental AssistantsDental Assistants
• History of the Profession
– C. Edmund Kells, dentist
• Founder of dental assisting
• Hired female assistant in 1885, starting a trend
– Milestones in the American Dental Assistants Association (ADAA)
• 1921: Juliette Southard started ADAA
• 1930: educational guidelines & training developed
• 1944: standards & a competency exam developed
• 1946: first 140-hour training course adopted
• 1948: certifying board established (DANB)
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Dental Assistants (cont’d)Dental Assistants (cont’d)
• Education
– Some trained on the job; most trained in programs
– Programs:
• At community/junior colleges, trade schools, technical institutes, & the military
• Most last 1 year & award certificate or diploma
• Some last 2 years & award associate’s degree
• Require HS diploma
• Include clinical practice with a dentist
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Dental Assistants (cont’d)Dental Assistants (cont’d)
• Course Work
– Oral & written communication
– Oral health education
– Anatomy and physiology
– Microbiology
– Oral pathology
– Nutrition
– Pharmacology
– Dental materials
– Chairside assisting
– Dental radiology
– Psychology
– Practice management
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Dental Assistants (cont’d)Dental Assistants (cont’d)
• Regulation, Licensure, and Certification
– States regulate duties
– Licensure or registration for expanded functions in some states
– Licensure requires completing accredited program, passing exam
– Continuing education required for renewal of license
– Two certification credentials offered by DANB:
• Certified Dental Association (CDA)
• Certified Orthodontic Association (COA)
– Two specialty areas: radiation health & safety and infection control
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Dental Assistants (cont’d)Dental Assistants (cont’d)
• Work Responsibilities
– Open office & daily routine
– Prepare dental treatment room
– Set up instrument trays
– Seat patient
– Take & develop x-rays
– Hand instruments to dentist
– Instruct patients in oral hygiene
– Clean & polish removable appliances
– Complete health history records
– Prepare bank deposits
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Dental Assistants (cont’d)Dental Assistants (cont’d)
• Personal Characteristics
– Reliable
– Comfortable working under supervision
– Work well with others
– Good communication skills
– Manual dexterity
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Dental Assistants (cont’d)Dental Assistants (cont’d)
• Employment Opportunities and Trends
– >295,000 jobs in 2008
– 36% growth between 2008 & 2018
– More than one-third work part-time
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Dental Assistants (cont’d)Dental Assistants (cont’d)
• Professional Organization: ADAA
– Largest professional organization representing dental assistants
– DANB: certifying board of ADAA
– Credentials recognized or required in 37 states
– Provides home-study continuing education classes