Name Period

Chapter 10: Key Issue 1Food and Agriculture: Where Did Agriculture Originate? Rubenstein, pp. 347-351 ● INVENTION OF AGRICULTURE

1. Define agriculture:

2. Define crop:

3. a. What are the characteristics of a hunter-gatherer society?

b. How many hunter-gatherers are there today?

c. Where do they live?

4. Define and explain the agricultural revolution:

5. a. Name at least 6 crops that were domesticated more than 8,000 years ago:

b. Name 3-4 crop hearths of the Americas (No. America, Central America, So. America):

c. What were some of the earliest domesticated animals?

6. What are some possible reasons agriculture developed?

7. Crop hearths. Indicate the areas of domesticated crops by shading in seed hearths and labeling the crops grown in those areas on the map below: (hint: use Figure 10-3 on pg. 348)

● COMPARING SUBSISTENCE AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

8. Define subsistence agriculture:

9. Define commercial agriculture:

10. Read this section of the chapter (pp. 350-351) and complete the table. The text will generally explain the two categories, but you will need to deduce some of the information on your own.

Subsistence Agriculture(mostly in LDCs)

Commercial Agriculture(mostly in MDCs)

Purp

ose

of

farm

ing

Perc

ent o

f far

mer

s in

labo

r for

ceU

se o

f m

achi

nery

Farm

siz

eR

elat

ions

hip

of

farm

ing

to o

ther

bu

sine

ss

Name Period

Chapter 10: Key Issue 2Food and Agriculture: Where Do People Consume Different Foods? Rubenstein, pp. 352-355

DIET

1. What does the most “typical” human do for food?

2. Consumption of food varies around the world based ona.

b.

c.

3. Define dietary energy consumption:

4. Where do most humans derive most of their kilocalories (calories) from?

5. List and describe the three leading cereal grainsa.

b.

c.

6. What is the difference between the source of protein in MDCs versus LDCs?

NUTRITION AND HUNGER

7. How does the United Nations define food security:

8. What is the difference between average daily consumption of kcal per day in MDCs versus LDCs?

9. Define undernourishment:

10. How has the number of undernourished people changed in the last several decades?

Name Period

Chapter 10: Key Issue 3Food and Agriculture: Where Is Agriculture Distributed? Rubenstein, pp. 356-373

1. According to geography Derwent Whittlesey, how many agriculutural regions are there in the world? List them:

●AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPING REGIONS

PASTORAL NOMADISM2. What is pastoral nomadism?

3. In what type of climate is it usually found?

4. In what regions of the earth is this lifestyle currently practiced?

5. List several ways pastoral nomads obtain grain:

6. What animals are chosen and why?

7. Describe territoriality among pastoral nomads:

8. What is transhumance?

9. In what ways do modern governments currently threaten pastoral nomadism?

SHIFTING CULTIVATION10. In what climate does shifting cultivation predominate? What are its two characteristics?

11. Regarding a swidden. . . .a. What is it?

b. What is potash?

c. How long are swiddens used?

12. Draw a diagram of the Kayapo field planting of sweet potatoes and yams, corn, rice, manioc, etc. as described on p. 360-361.

13. How is land owned in a typical village that practices shifting cultivation?

14. a. What percentage of the world’s land area is devoted to shifting cultivation?

b. What percentage of the world’s people work it?

15. In the table below, describe the pros and cons of shifting cultivation; or the arguments made for it and the criticisms leveled against it.

PROS (Defenders) CONS (Critics)

CASE STUDY: A Kayapo swidden field in Brazil’s Amazon region.

Make notes and draw a diagram to illustrate the description given in the text.

16. What is meant by intensive?

INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE WITH WET RICE DOMINANT17. Where is intensive subsistence agriculture practiced? Why there?

18. a. What is wet rice?

19. Describe the four principal steps in growing rice:a. Field Preparation

b. Flooding

c. Transplanting

d. Harvesting

20. Wet rice requires a flat field, but some farmers cultivate it in hilly or mountainous regions. How do they accomplish this?

21. Where is double-cropping possible? Not possible?

INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE WITH WET RICE NOT DOMINANT22. In areas of intensive subsistence agriculture where wet rice is not dominant, what are the major crops?

23. How are multiple harvests made possible in these less mild regions?

24. Make some notes about intensive subsistence farming in communist China.

Agriculture in Communist ChinaAgriculture following the Communist Revolution – Communes.

Agriculture in Communist China today –Post-commune.

PLANTATION FARMING25. What is a plantation?

26. Name at least 7 crops normally grown on plantations:

27. Briefly summarize the history of cotton plantations in the United States:

AGRICULTURE IN DEVELOPED REGIONS

28. In commercial farming, why do the farmers grow crops and raise animals? Where does their food go?

29. Define agribusiness:

30. What percentage of the workforce are farmers in the United States? How many are in agribusiness?

MIXED CROP AND LIVESTOCK FARMING31. Where is mixed crop and livestock farming common?

32. Describe the irony between the amount of land devoted to crops vs. animals and the income generated by both.

33. How does this type of agriculture allow farmers to more evenly “distribute their workload”?

34. Where is the US Corn Belt and what crop is the second most popular among farms there?

35. In what different ways is the corn used?

36. Define/describe the following as they relate to crop rotation: a. cereal grains:

b. fallow:

c. rest crop:

COMMERCIAL GARDENING AND FRUIT FARMING

37. What three conditions make the southeastern US an ideal location for this type of agriculture?

38. What are the two groups to whom “truck farmers” sell their crops?

39. List the three ways that truck farmers keep labor costs low:

a.

a.

b.

40. What is specialty farming and where has it spread in the US?

● DAIRY FARMING

41. What is a milkshed?

42. Why do some regions specialize in milk products like cheese and butter rather than fluid milk? Identify some of these important regions:

43. What country is the world’s largest producer of dairy products?

44. What problems do dairy farmers currently face?

● GRAIN FARMING

45. What is the principal difference between grains grown in commercial grain farming regions and grains grown in mixed crop and livestock regions?

46. What is the most important grain crop that is grown? Create a bullet chart as to why:

47. How do farmers and combine companies make use of the fact that the wheat matures at different times in the spring and winter wheat belts?

48. Identify the three regions of large-scale production in North America: a.

b.

c.

● MEDITERRANEAN AGRICULTURE

49. Describe the climatic conditions of Mediterranean climate and agriculture:

50. Most crops in Mediterranean lands are grown for ___________ _________________rather than for ____________________ _______________.

51. What is horticulture?

52. List the two most important cash crops of Mediterranean regions:

53. Describe the role (and changing role) of California in Mediterranean agriculture:

LIVESTOCK RANCHING

54. Define ranching:

55. What type of climate is livestock best adapted to?

56. Describe the “stages” of ranching as it has evolved in the US (and very similarly elsewhere) in the flowchart below.

57. Make some notes to describe the following:

Ranching in South America Ranching In Australia

Name Period

I. Introduction and establishment. . .

III. Fixed location ranching. . . II. Open range and cattle drives. . .

Chapter 10: Key Issue 4Food and Agriculture: Why Do Farmers Face Economic Difficulties?Rubenstein, pp. 374-387

● CHALLENGES FOR FARMERS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

1. List several challenges subsistence farmers are facing related to the issues: a. Population growth –

b. International trade –

c. Africa’s food supply –

d. Drug crops –

e. Food prices –

2. Some LDC’s grow drugs as export crops. Afghanistan grows most of the world’s ____________, and Colombia grows most of the world’s _________________.

● CHALLENGES FOR FARMERS IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

3. Why do commercial farmers suffer from low incomes?

4. What policies have the U.S. government implemented to help address the problem of exess productive capacity?a.

b.

c.

5. Who was von Thünen? 6. According to this model, what two factors does a farmer consider when deciding what to plant?

a.

b.

7. Assuming the climate permits cultivation of two crops: “X” and “Y”, why might a farmer plant crop “X” if he is able to sell crop “Y” for a higher price on the market?

8. Draw a sketch of agricultural land use according to von Thünen.

9. List things that von Thünen did NOT consider in his model, but which influence farmers’ choices of crops. (These might be considered weaknesses or criticisms of his model).

10. How could von Thünen’s model be applied on a global scale?

● STRATEGIES TO INCREASE THE FOOD SUPPLY

11. Complete the chart below, listing at least one benefit and one challenge for each strategy.

Strategy Benefits ChallengesIN

CR

EASI

NG

EXP

OR

TS

FRO

M C

OU

NTR

IES

WIT

H S

UR

PLU

SES

EXPA

ND

ING

A

GR

ICU

LTU

RA

L LA

ND

EXPA

ND

ING

FIS

HIN

GIN

CR

EASI

NG

PR

OD

UC

TIVI

TY

12. There are three principal practices that distinguish sustainable agriculture from conventional agriculture. Write a bullet list of important information for each of these three:

Sensitive Land Management Limited Use of Chemicals Integration of Crop and Livestock