Chapter 10 Matter and Temperature. 10.1 The Nature of Matter matter – anything that takes up space...
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Transcript of Chapter 10 Matter and Temperature. 10.1 The Nature of Matter matter – anything that takes up space...
Chapter 10
Matter and Temperature
10.1 The Nature of Matter• matter – anything that takes up space
and has mass• Democritus(430 BC) – proposed matter was
composed of basic/finite particles• Dalton(1803) – proposed matter made up of
atoms• Brown(1827) – saw tiny pollen grains
moving in irregular manner• Brownian motion – irregular or jerky motion of
particles moving and colliding with other particles
• Einstein(1905) – proposed Brownian motion caused by smaller, invisible particles
• classifying matter by composition• homogeneous matter – same composition
through out• water, air, sugar, steel, gold, carbon, gasoline
• heterogeneous matter – different composition through out• tossed salad, raisin bran, smoky/dusty air, Lake
Tschida water in July
Composition of Matter
Matter
homogeneous matter - same through out
heterogeneous matter - different through out
- kool-aid- air- water- gold
- lucky charms- chef salad- dusty/smoky air- granite- river water
mixture
• mixture – 2 or more things that are physically combined• no formula• easy to separate• retain own properties• no chemical reaction• examples – chicken noodle soup,
lemonade, ???
Composition of Matter
Matter
homogeneous matter - same through out
heterogeneous matter - different through out
- kool-aid- air- water- gold
- lucky charms- chef salad- dusty/smoky air- granite- river water
mixture
homogeneous matter
pure substances - only one type of matter- no “impurities”
solutions-homogeneous mixture- single phase
-gold- water- sugar- carbon
-Kool-Aid- pop- air- steel- “alloys”
solutions – homogeneous mixtures must consist of a single phase
▪ all solid or all liquid or all gas no formula easy to separate
• examples – steel, air, Kool-Aid, tap water,…
homogeneous matter
pure substances - only one type of matter- no “impurities”
solutions-homogeneous mixture- single phase
-gold- water- sugar- carbon
-Kool-Aid- pop- air- steel- “alloys”
• pure substance – consists of one type of matter• ALL PARTICLES ARE IDENTICAL• NO IMPURITIES• examples – gold, sugar, carbon dioxide,
oxygen, sodium chloride, water
pure substance only consists of one type of matter
▪ no impurities -gold- water- carbon dioxide- sugar
compounds
• compound – consist of 2 or more substances that are chemically combined• has a formula• forms in a chemical Rx• can be separated by chemical Rx• different properties than substances they
come from• molecule – individual particle made up of 2
or more nonmetals
pure substance only consists of one type of matter
▪ no impurities -gold- water- carbon dioxide- sugar
compoundselements
• element – basic building blocks of all matter• can’t be broken down into simple substances• comprised of similar atoms
• atom – smallest particle that has the properties of an element• very small(10-10 m) or 10,000,000,000 in 1 m• Al foil = 200,000 atoms thick
• each element has a unique type of atom• 92 naturally occurring, 118? total
colloid a mixture with particles that are too large to
dissolve but too small to settle out▪ paint, milk, fog,...
Tyndall effect▪ light scatters off the particles▪ appears cloudy or foggy
suspension particles are too large to dissolve and too
large to stay suspended settle out or settle to the bottom
▪ dust in air, smoke, clay/silt in water,...
10.2 Matter and Temperature• kinetic NRG – NRG of motion• potential NRG – NRG of position or at rest
• atoms are always in constant motion• solids – vibratory motion• liquids – flowing motion• gases – zipping motion• atoms always have kinetic NRG
• temperature – measure of average kinetic NRG of a substances particles
• thermometer – instrument used to measure temperature
• temp scales
Fahrenheit(Fo)
Celsius(Co)
Kelvin(K)
• temp. conversions• from Fo to Co
• Co = ((Fo + 40) x 5/9) – 40
• what is temp of 75o F in Co?• Co = ((75oF + 40) x 5/9) – 40• Co = 23.9oC
• what is body temp in Co?• Co = ((98.6 + 40) x 5/9) - 40• Co = 37o C
• temp. conversions cont.• from Co to Fo
• Fo = ((Co + 40) x 9/5) – 40
• what is room temp in Fo?• Fo = ((25oC + 40) x 9/5) – 40• Fo = 77oC
• what is temp in Fo of -40o C?• Fo = ((-40o C + 40) x 9/5) - 40• Fo = -40o C
• temp conversions cont.• from Co to K
• K = Co + 273
• At what K temp does water boil?• K = 100oC + 273• K = 373K
• from K to Co
• Co = K – 273• What is the Co of absolute zero(0 K)
• Co = 0 K – 273o C• Co = -273o C
10.3 The Phases of Matter• phases(states) of matter – solid, liquid,
gas, plasma
• solid - definite shape & definite volume• definite shape
• particles arranged in pattern • doesn’t need a container, doesn’t flow
• definite volume• particles packed close together
• liquid – no definite shape & definite volume• no definite shape(flow)
• needs a container on all sides but top• particles random order • move past one another - flow
• definite volume• particles packed close together
• gas – no definite shape or volume• no definite shape(flow)
• needs a container on all sides• particles random order • move past one another - flow
• no definite volume• particles are very spread apart
• mainly empty space
• can be compressed or expanded• fill any container
• plasma – high NRG phase of matter• consist of pieces of atoms
• lightning, welding, sun
• intermolecular forces(IMF)• force of attraction between molecules• hold solids and liquids together• don’t exist in gases• inversely related to temperature
• as temp increases, strength of IMF decreases
• phase changes• temperature at which a substance changes
from one phase to another• temp at which IMF form/broken
• melting • phase change from solid to liquid
• ice = 0o C, mercury= -39o C, solid O = -218o C
• freezing • phase change from liquid to solid
• water = 0o C, mercury -39o C, O = -218o C
• boiling • phase change from a liquid to a gas
• water 100o C, mercury 357o C, O = -183
• condensation • phase change from gas to liquid state
• water 100o C, mercury 357o C, O = -183
• sublimation• phase change from solid to gas(skips liquid)
• mothballs, urinal cakes, ice
• deposition• phase change from gas to solid(skips liquid)
• frost, synthetic diamonds, electrostatic paints
Classification of Matter by composition
MATTERHomogeneous
-same thru-outHeterogeneous
-different thru-out
Mixture
-2 or more subst.
-easily separated thru physical means
-no formula
- retain same properties
-may consist of diff. phases
Pure substance
-one type of matter only
- oxygen, water
Solution
-one phase, 2 or more substances
-air, pop, stainless steel
Element
-simplest
-one type of atom
-lead, oxygen
Compound
-2 or more subst.
-chem Rx to separate
-specific formula
- different properties
-water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid
Classification of Matter by composition
MATTERHomogeneous
-same thru-outHeterogeneous
-different thru-out
Mixture
-2 or more subst.
-easily separated thru physical means
-no formula
- retain same properties
-may consist of diff. phases
Pure substance
-one type of matter only
- oxygen, water
Solution
-one phase, 2 or more substances
-air, pop, stainless steel
Element
-simplest
-one type of atom
-lead, oxygen
Compound
-2 or more subst.
-chem Rx to separate
-specific formula
- different properties
-water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid
Classification of Matter by composition
MATTERHomogeneous
-same thru-outHeterogeneous
-different thru-out
Mixture
-2 or more subst.
-easily separated thru physical means
-no formula
- retain same properties
-may consist of diff. phases
Pure substance
-one type of matter only
- oxygen, water
Solution
-one phase, 2 or more substances
-air, pop, stainless steel
Element
-simplest
-one type of atom
-lead, oxygen
Compound
-2 or more subst.
-chem Rx to separate
-specific formula
- different properties
-water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid
Classification of Matter by composition
MATTERHomogeneous
-same thru-outHeterogeneous
-different thru-out
Mixture
-2 or more subst.
-easily separated thru physical means
-no formula
- retain same properties
-may consist of diff. phases
Pure substance
-one type of matter only
- oxygen, water
Solution
-one phase, 2 or more substances
-air, pop, stainless steel
Element
-simplest
-one type of atom
-lead, oxygen
Compound
-2 or more subst.
-chem Rx to separate
-specific formula
- different properties
-water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid
Classification of Matter by composition
MATTERHomogeneous
-same thru-outHeterogeneous
-different thru-out
Mixture
-2 or more subst.
-easily separated thru physical means
-no formula
- retain same properties
-may consist of diff. phases
Pure substance
-one type of matter only
- oxygen, water
Solution
-one phase, 2 or more substances
-air, pop, stainless steel
Element
-simplest
-one type of atom
-lead, oxygen
Compound
-2 or more subst.
-chem Rx to separate
-specific formula
- different properties
-water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid
Classification of Matter by composition
MATTERHomogeneous
-same thru-outHeterogeneous
-different thru-out
Mixture
-2 or more subst.
-easily separated thru physical means
-no formula
- retain same properties
-may consist of diff. phases
Pure substance
-one type of matter only
- oxygen, water
Solution
-one phase, 2 or more substances
-air, pop, stainless steel
Element
-simplest
-one type of atom
-lead, oxygen
Compound
-2 or more subst.
-chem Rx to separate
-specific formula
- different properties
-water, carbon dioxide, sulfuric acid