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Chapter10:Human

Development

MajorQues8ons

1.  Naturevs.Nurture

2.  Qualita8vevs.Quan8ta8ve

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HowisDevPsychInves8gated?

1.  Cross-Sec8onalResearch–  Comparesmanydifferentagegroupsatone8me

point

2.  LongitudinalResearch–  Studiesthesamegroupofindividualsover

mul8ple8mepoints

3.  Cohort-Sequen8aldesign–  Combinescross-sec8onalandlongitudinaldesigns

Pros&ConsofEachDesign

•  Cross-sec8onaldesign– Advantage:Quicker!– Disadvantage:Cannotcontrolforoutsidevariables

•  Longitudinaldesign– Advantage:Eliminatesoutsidevariables– Disadvantages:Takesaverylong8me,$$$$$

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HowWeDevelop

•  DNAisthebuildingblocksofourchromosomes

•  Weallhave23pairsofchromosomesineachcell

GenotypeandPhenotype

•  Geneotype—Thesumtotalofallthegenesthatapersoninherits

•  Phenotype—thewayinwhichthegenesareactuallyexpressedorobservedcharacteris8csofthegenes

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PaZernsofGene8cInheritance

•  Wehavetwogenesforeverything(onefrommomandonefromdad)

•  Homozygous-genesarealike– Showinheritedtrait

•  Heterozygous-genesarenotalike– Genesdukeitouttoseewhichtraitwillappear

WaysGenesInteract

1.  DominantRecessive– Dominantgeneeffectscharacteris8c;recessivegenehasnoeffect

•  Dominanttraits:darkhair,curlyhair,normalhearingandvision.

•  1,000humancharacteris8cs

2.  CodominantorAddi8veGenes– Anumberofgenesinteracttoformaspecifictrait– Skincolor,height

MakingItMoreComplicated

•  Onlyafewofourtraitsarediscretetraits– Theproductofasinglegenepair

•  Mosthumantraitsarepolygenictraits–  Involvethecombinedimpactofmul8plegenes– Mostbehaviorsarepolygene8c

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StagesofPrenatalDevelopment

•  GerminalPeriod– 0-2weeks– Startswitheggbeingfer8lized– Endswheneggimplantsintheuterus

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StagesofPrenatalDevelopment

•  PeriodoftheEmbryo– 3-8weeks– Allthemajororgansdevelopduringthis8me

StagesofPrenatalDevelopment

•  PeriodoftheFetus– 9-38weeks– Rapidgrowth

ThePlacenta

Organ that takes nutrients and oxygen from the mother and sends them to the baby via the umbilical cord

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Teratogen

•  Anysubstancethatcausesdamageduringtheprenatalperiod

•  Infec8ons/virii•  Illegaldrugs•  Alcohol•  CigareZes•  Caffiene

Cri8calPeriods

SensoryCapabili8esatBirth

•  Vision-worstsenseatbirth– 20/600vision

•  Hearing-bestsenseatbirth– Canrecognizemother’svoice

•  Taste-verydevelopedatbirth– Preferssweettaste(breastmilkissweet)

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InfantMotorDevelopment•  Newbornshavenovoluntarycontrolovermuscles

•  Reflexesareins8nc8veresponsetovariouss8mulionthebody–  Blinking -Grasping–  Roo8ng -Stepping–  Sucking -Babinski–  Tonicneck -Moro

•  Let’scheckthemout!

InfantBrainDevelopment

•  Massivegrowthofdendritesandsynapses.

•  15,000dendritesasecondduringthefirstyearoflife

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InfantBrainDevelopment

•  Myeliniza8on-thecoveringofneuronswithasubstancethatspeedsuptransmission

InfantBrainDevelopment

•  Synap8cPruninggetsridofunusedconnec8ons

•  Wegrow2xasconnec8onsasneeded

GrowthTrendsofInfants

•  Cephalocaudal-growthfromthetopdown(headgrowsfasterthanthetorsoandfeet)

•  Proximodistal-growthfromtheinsideout(torsogrowsfasterthanthearmsandfingers)

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Piaget’sTheory

•  Childrenlearnbyorganizinginforma8onintoschemas

•  Assimila8onputsnewinforma8onintoexis8ngschemas

•  Accommoda8oncreatesnewschemasfornewinforma8onormajorlyalteredschemas

•  Equilibriumiswhenallinforma8onisorganizedintoschemas

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Vygotsky’sSocio-culturalTheory

•  Socialinterac8onisvitaltochildren’slearninganddevelopment

•  ChildrenlearnbestinZoneofProximalDevelopment

•  Childrenlearnbestwhenaparentorteacherhelpsthem(scaffolding)

AZachment

•  Emo8onalbondaninfantfeelstowardstheircaregiver

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AZachmentMeasurement•  StrangeSitua8onTest

– Motherandbabyplay,strangerentersandthemotherleaves,motherreturns

– Repeatprocess

TypesofAZachment

•  SecureAZachment(65%)-infantupsetwhenmomleavesandhappywhenshereturns

•  InsecureaZachment(35%)– Avoidant(20%)–showsliZledistressatsepara8on,liZlejoyatreunion

–  Resistant(10-15%)–duringsepara8on,upsetatreunion.

– Disorganized(5-10%)–mixtureofavoidantandresistantbehaviors.

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Adolescence

•  Physicaldevelopmentandpuberty– Developmentofprimaryandsecondarysexcharacteris8cs

– Primarysexcharacteris8cs-onesthatarepartofthereproduc8vesystem(ovaries,penisandtestes)

– Secondarysexcharacteris8cs-onesthatarenon-reproduc8vebutimportanttogenderiden8fica8on(deepeningofvoice,breasts)

Adulthood

•  Whydoweage?– Cellularclocktheory-agingisbuiltintotheircells.– Wearandteartheory-themoremileageweputonourbody,thequickertheywearout.

– Freeradicaltheory-wegetmorefreeradicalsinoursystemcausingmoredamageandagingtoourbodies.