Chapter 10 Ecosystems Levels of Organization The smallest level of organization is a single...
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Transcript of Chapter 10 Ecosystems Levels of Organization The smallest level of organization is a single...
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Levels of Organization
The smallest level of organization is a single organism, which belongs to a population that includes other members of its species.
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Levels of Organization
The population belongs to a community of different species.
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Levels of Organization
The community and abiotic factors together form an ecosystem.
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Habitat
• The environment that provides the things an organism needs to live, grow, and reproduce is called it’s HABITAT.
• One area may contain many habitats (habitats can overlap, but they seldom share resources – think different parts of the tree, forest floor, lake, etc.)
• Organisms live in different habitats because they have different requirements for survival.
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Biotic Factors are the Living Parts of a Habitat
Biotic Factors include:
grass and plants
Hawks, ferrets, badgers and eagles
Worms, bacteria, and fungi that live in the soil
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Abiotic Factors are the Non-Living Parts of a Habitat
Abiotic Factors include:Water
SunlightOxygen
TemperatureSoil
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Changes in Population Size
Populations fluctuate.
Populations can change in size when
new members join the population or when members leave the
population.
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Changes in Population Activity
Organisms usually leave a population by dying.
Organisms usually join a population by being born into it.
Organisms can join a population by moving into it – immigrationOR
Organisms can leave a population by moving out of it - emigation
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
LIMITING FACTORS
A limiting factor is an environmental factor that causes a population to stop growing.
Some limiting factors are:FoodWaterSpaceLight
Soil compositionWeather conditions
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
CARRYING CAPACITY
Carrying Capacity is the largest population that an area can support.
If more organisms were to come, they would not have enough food for all to survive.
A population usually stays near it’s carrying capacity because of the limiting factors.
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Food Chains and Food Webs
The movement of energy though an ecosystem can be shown in diagrams called food chains and food webs.
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Energy Pyramids
The most energy is available at the producer level of the pyramid.
As you move up the pyramid, each level has less energy available than the level below.
Only 10% of the energy is available to the next higher level.
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Adapting to the Environment
Every organism has a variety of adaptations that are suited to its specific living conditions and allow the organism to successively survive and reproduce in its environment.
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Interaction among OrganismsThere are 3 types of interaction among organisms.
•Competition – struggle to survive while using the same limited resources, usually results in niche specialization (warblers feed at different parts of spruce trees)
•Predation – one organism kills another for food (snake and mouse)
•Symbiosis – at least one species benefits
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Interaction among Organisms
Predation:
Results in changes in population size
Results in adaptations
predator adaptations: allow predators to catch/kill prey
prey adaptations: allow prey to avoid being killed
camouflage
mimicry
false coloring
warning coloring
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Interaction among Organisms
Symbiosis: a close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species
Mutualism (+,+) : A relationship that benefits both species. (acacia tree and stinging ants)
Commensalism (+,0) : A relationship where one species is helped but the other is neither helped or harmed. (red-tailed hawk and cactus)
Parasitism (+,-): A relationship where one organism lives on or in another and harming it. (tape worm in wolf)
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Cycles of MatterThe supply of matter in an ecosystem is limited and must be recycled. Matter is transferred from one organism to another in the
food web and between organisms and the environment.
water cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation
producers, consumer, and decomposers recycle carbon and nitrogen which are a major building block of living things
carbon cycle: movement through air, soil, water, and living things (becomes available via air)
nitrogen cycle: movement through air, soil, and living things(nitrogen becomes available via soil)
Chapter 10 Ecosystems
Changes in Communities
Primary succession: series of changes that occur in an area where no soil or organisms exist
pioneer species – first species to populate the area
Example: volcanic eruption – pioneer species – soil creation – fertile soil – mature plants
Secondary succession: series of changes that occur in an area where the ecosystem exists but has been disturbed (after a fire)
Example: fire – plant growth – mature plants