Chapter 10 chemotaxonomy.ppt

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Taxonomy

• Science of Classification, Nomenclature, Identification

• Organisms are named and arranged into taxa

• Provides:

• universal names

• reference

• facilitates research, scholarship and communication


Taxonomy

• Systematics or phylogeny

• Provides tools for clarifying evolution of organisms as well as their interrelationships

• All Species Inventory (2001-2025)


Scientific Nomenclature

Scientific binomial Source of Genus name Source of Specific epithet

Kbebsiella pneumoniae Honors Edwin Klebs The disease

Pfiesteria piscicida Honors Lois Pfiester Disease in fish

Salmonella typhimurium Honors Daniel Salmon Stupor (typh-) in mice (muri-)

Streptococcus pyogenes Chains of cells (strepto-) Forms pus (pyo-)

Penicillium notatum Tuftlike (penicill-) Spores spread in wind (nota)

Trypanosoma cruzi Corkscrew-like (trypano-, borer; soma-body)

Honors Oswaldo Cruz


History of Taxonomy

• 1735 Carlous Linnaeus: 2 Kingdoms

• 1857 Bacteria & fungi put in the Plant Kingdom

• 1866 Ernst Haeckel: 3 Kingdoms

• 1937 "Prokaryote" term introduced

• 1959 Kingdom Fungi


History of Taxonomy

• 1961 Current definition of prokaryote introduced

• 1969 Robert Whittaker: 5 kingdoms

• Plantae; Animalia; Fungi; Protista; Monera

• 1978 Carl Woese: 3 Domains

• Eukarya, Bacteria and Archaea

• Based on variation in cellular composition

• Primary evidence to support comes from differences in rRNA sequences


The Three-Domain System

Figure 10.1


Three Domains

Table 10.1


Nested Taxonomical Hierarchy

Figure 10.5


Species Definition

• Eukaryotic species:

• Prokaryotic species:

• Clone

• Strain

• Viral species:


References for Prokaryote Identification •• Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology•Provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea

•Morphology, differential staining, biochemical tests

•• Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology•Provides phylogenetic information on bacteria and archaea

•Based on rRNA sequencing

•• Approved Lists of Bacterial Names•Lists species of known prokaryotes

•Based on published articles


Methods of Identifying Microorganisms

1. Morphological characteristics

2. Differential and structural stains

3. Biochemical tests

4. Serology – based on antigenic nature of microbes

5. Phage typing –determines to which phages a bacteria is susceptible

6. Analysis of nucleic acids


Acid fast bacilli and non-acid fast cocci Gram - bacilli and Gram + cocci

Flagella stainEndospore stain


Dichotomous key for biochemical tests based on enzyme activity


Rapid Identification Tests

Figure 10.9


• Microbes are antigenic

• Combine known antiserum + unknown bacterium

• Slide agglutination

• ELISA

• Western blot

Figure 10.10


Phage Typing

Figure 10.13


Analysis of nucleic acids

• DNA base composition

• DNA fingerprinting

• Electrophoresis of RFLPs

• Nucleic acid hybridization

• rRNA sequencing

• PCR

Chapter 10 chemotaxonomy.ppt

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