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Transcript of Chapter 10
![Page 1: Chapter 10](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022071716/56812bca550346895d901f89/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 10
Globalizing Issues
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Globalizing Issues
• New concerns at international level• Involves multiple actors -- states, IGOs, NGOs, MNCs,
transnational movements, individuals, etc.• Issues interlinked across local, state, and international
levels• Accelerated by changes in communications and
technology• Health, environment, human rights
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Health and Disease
• Ancient international problem: bubonic plague, smallpox, measles, malaria, etc.
• Economic and social globalization has increased vulnerability of individuals and communities to disease through migration, refugees, transport, trade, etc., resulting in spread of AIDS, dengue fever, SARS, Avian flu, etc.
• HIV/AIDS– Multidimensional problem: health/humanitarian;
economic; social; political; security– Response by states, IGOs, NGOs, MNCs, private
foundations, individuals, epistemic communities of experts
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Health and Theory
• One of the first areas of international cooperation• Functionalist issue: high levels of agreement on need
to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and to rely on technical experts
• Differences emerge over how best to address issue– Liberals: international responsibility, cooperation
among actors at all levels– Realists: state responsibility, especially significant
when it impacts state security– Radicals: health problems illustrate inequities,
economic differences between rich and poor individuals and states
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Environment: Global Commons• Interconnectedness of population, natural resources, energy,
pollution• Collective goods = public goods available to all regardless of
individual contribution (e.g., air, oceans, etc.) but that no one owns or is individually responsible for
– Political challenge: achieving shared benefits by overcoming conflicting interests (Hardin’s tragedy of the commons)
– Collective goods theory explains why there are environmental problems and how to address them
• Sustainability = economic development that reconciles current economic growth and environmental protection with needs of future generations
• Emerging international law/principles/norms: no-significant harm, good-neighbor principle; (soft law) polluter-pays, precautionary principle, preventive-action; (principles) sustainable development, intergenerational equity
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Politics of Population• Historic fear of Malthusian dilemma (population increase
outstrips food supply); mitigated by:– Technological changes have led to higher rates of food production– Demographic transition = increasing levels of economic
development lead to falling death rates, followed by falling birth rates
• Nevertheless, population growth rates have increased dramatically (see Figure 10.1, 297), but:
– Population increase not uniformly distributed (developing world higher rates than developed; demographic divide between North and South)
– Greater demand for scarce natural resources– Ethical dilemmas
• What can/should be done? Regulations, coercive measures?
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Natural Resources/Pollution• Natural resources
– Increasing demand and declining resources• Oil demand increasing and made more volatile by political
conditions• Water fights for human use and agriculture
• Pollution– Externalities: costly unintended consequences – Can be managed through international cooperation– Example: ozone depletion due to use of CFCs
• Montreal Protocol (1987) and London Agreement (1990); states agree to phase out use of chemicals; developed states agree to pay costs of compliance
– Global climate change• Kyoto Protocol (1997): aimed at reducing greenhouse gas
emissions
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Environment and Theory• Realists
– Traditional emphasis on state security; requires strong population, self-sufficient food supply, dependable supply of energy, sovereignty
– Making cost of natural resources or pollution abatement too high diminishes independence; environmental issues understood in light of state, power, sovereignty, balance of power
• Liberals– Broadened view of security and of an interdependent system; many
actors at all levels need to address challenges• Radicals
– Concerned with economic costs of environmental problem; widens gap between rich and poor; costs borne disproportionately by South and poor in North
• Constructivists– Emphasis on how elites define problem and how ideas change over
time
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Human Rights• First-generation rights:
– political/civil rights; rights that states cannot take away (free speech, assembly)
• Second-generation rights– economic/social rights; rights that states should provide (health
care, jobs)• Third-generation rights
– rights for specific groups, minorities, women, children (environment, peace, human security, democracy)
• International human rights regime– Regime = agreed-upon rules, norms, procedures that emerge from high
levels of cooperation; states develop principles and procedures as to how certain problems should be addressed; principles become rules (explicit in law; implicit in practices, expectations)
– Web of IGOs and NGOs involved in setting human rights standards (UN), monitoring standards (UN, NGOs), promoting education about human rights, enforcing standards (States, UN through embargos, sanctions, armed force)
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Globalizing Issues: Effects, Theory• Bargaining more complex, more policy trade-offs• Conflict may increase• Traditional notion of state sovereignty challenged• Study of IR: core theoretical assumptions questioned; theories
need modification – Realists: more nuanced; state security still key in globalization– Liberals: globalizing issues compatible with liberal views of human
security, multiple actors– Radicals: globalizing issues confirm primacy of economic issues and
international stratification– Constructivists: changing discourse; material factors and ideas
shape debate• Global Governance = in absence of unifying political authority, various
structures and processes through which actors coordinate interests and needs; for Liberals, globalization pushes global civil society toward global governance; for Realists, global governance impossible; for Radicals, not desirable because of hegemonic domination (radical)