Chapter 1 Practice · Web view2015-04-27 · Chapter 1 Practice. Cengage Learning Testing,...

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Chapter 1 Practice

Enter the appropriate word(s) to complete the statement.

1. Environmental degradation, also known as __________ __________ __________ is the process of wasting, depleting, and degrading the earth’s natural capital at an accelerating rate.

2. The _______________ _______________ worldview holds that we are separate from and in charge of nature, that nature exists mainly to meet our needs and increasing wants, and that we can use our ingenuity and technology to manage the earth’s life-support systems, mostly for our benefit, into the distant future.

3. A resource such as solar energy, that is constantly available, is called a(n) __________ __________.

4. Some of the world’s countries are called low-income, __________-__________ countries, and include Congo, Haiti, Nigeria, and Nicaragua.

5. Our lives and economies depend on energy from the ____________________ and natural resources and natural services provided by the earth.

6. Your ____________ ____________ is a set of assumptions and values reflecting how you think the world works and what you think your role in the world should be.

7. Old drink bottles that are collected, washed, and refilled are an example of ____________________.

8. Fish, fresh air, forests, and fertile soil are examples of __________ __________.

9. The exhaust pipe of an automobile or the smokestack of a coal-burning powerplant are examples of ______________ sources.

10. IPAT is a simple way of looking at how three factors influence the impact humans have on the environment. The formula is Impact = Population (P) x __________ x Technology (T).

11. Extreme poverty is living on less than the equivalent of $_______________ per day.

12. The circulation of chemicals necessary for life, from the environment through organisms and back to the environment, is called ____________________.

13. The _______________ revolution involved the invention of machines for the large-scale production of goods in factories.

14. Natural capital equals __________ __________ plus __________ __________.

15. The earth’s population is growing _______________.

16. Describe what Garrett Hardin meant by the Tragedy of the Commons, and give an example.

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Chapter 1 Practice

17. In the accompanying figure, note that following the Black Death, the line representing the total human population rose dramatically. This rise indicates a fundamental relationship between births, deaths, and growth rates. Discuss this relationship, indicating why the steep rise occurred, and why an expected leveling off may occur soon.

18. What is an environmental worldview? Discuss your environmental worldview and explain why you hold this viewpoint.

19. The "biological capacity" is the ability of the natural world to replenish its renewable resources and absorb the resulting waste products and pollution. Exceeding the biological capacity creates an "ecological deficit." Discuss the potential future implications for the earth resulting from the fact that we are currently exceeding the earth's biological capacity by about 25 percent.

20. Many scientists contend that the earth is the only real example of a sustainable system. What are the three major natural factors have played the key roles in the long-term sustainability of life on this planet? How can you apply each to your life?

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

21. The real prices of goods and services do not include the ____.a. cost of raw materialsb. cost of manufacturingc. environmental costs of resource

used. cost of distributione. cost of advertising

22. All nonrenewable resources can theoretically be ____.a. converted to nonmetallic minerals


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Chapter 1 Practice

b. converted to renewable onesc. exhausted or depletedd. recycled or reusede. alive

23. Subsidies and tax breaks to companies area. helpful to the environmentb. not helpful to the economyc. not actually helpful to these companiesd. not helpful to the environmente. helpful to individuals

24. According to the World Bank, about how many people worldwide live in extreme poverty?a. 1 millionb. 9 millionc. 40 milliond. 90 millione. 900 million

25. The U.N. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment reports that human activities have degraded ____ percent of the earth’s natural services, and mostly since 1950.

a. 20b. 40c. 60d. 80e. 95

26. Which substance would be considered a nonrenewable resource?a. groundwaterb. trees in a forestc. fertile soild. oile. crops

27. How many people can the earth support indefinitely?a. No one knows.b. 5 billionc. 10 billiond. 15 billione. 20 billion

28. _____ growth starts off slowly, but after only a few doublings, grows at an enormous rate.a. Exponentialb. Logarithmic


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Chapter 1 Practice

c. Paralleld. Lineare. Resource

29. Which statement represents an environmental wisdom worldview?a. Continuous rapid economic growth improves environmental

conditions.b. Our success depends on learning how life sustains itself.c. Maximizing research funding is the key to controlling the environment.d. Human beings are the most important life forms on the earth.e. There is always more.

30. What is one of the root causes of environmental problems?a. rapid population growthb. even global distribution of wealthc. increasingly sustainable use of resourcesd. absorption of environmental costs in goods and servicese. decreased use of nonrenewable resources in more-developed countries

31. What is the best description of natural income?a. renewable resources provided by the earth’s natural

capitalb. nonrenewable resources created by humansc. income based on government subsidiesd. excess resources remaining after our ecological footprinte. new and alternative resources created by humans

32. What is the set of assumptions and values reflecting how you think the world works and what you think your role in the world should be?

a. environmental worldviewb. environmental justicec. environmental ethicsd. environmental economicse. environmental capital

33. What is the best description of an ecological deficit?a. The total ecological footprint is larger than the biological capacity to replenish renewable resources.b. The total ecological footprint is smaller than the biological capacity to replenish renewable

resources.c. All nonrenewable resources have been exhausted and there are no renewable resources available.d. The total ecological footprint is equal to the sustainable yield of renewable resources.e. The total ecological footprint only involves the use of nonrenewable resources.

34. Research by social scientists suggests that it takes ____ percent of the population of a community, country, or the world to bring about major social change.


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a. 1−2b. 5−10c. 15−20d. 25−35e. 50−60

35. Which substance would be considered a renewable resource?a. copperb. oilc. fresh

aird. salte. sand

36. The primary difference between renewable resources and nonrenewable resources is ____.a. how easily each can be discoveredb. the available amount of each resourcec. the length of time it takes for each to be replenishedd. how fast each is being consumede. how quickly each can produce electricity

37. What is the most likely effect of a pollutant?a. degradation of life-support systems for

humansb. more cooperative behavior among wildlifec. greater allocation of resources to human healthd. natural recycling of atmospheric aire. renewable natural capital

38. Solar energy is known as a(n) ____.a. renewable resourceb. recyclable resourcec. inexhaustible resourced. reusable resourcee. nonrenewable resource

39. Which of the following illustrates natural capital degradation?a. use of wind powerb. saving endangered speciesc. cleaning up pollutiond. aquifer depletione. water runoff

40. Which action is an example of reuse?


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a. re-melting aluminum cansb. making compost out of kitchen scrapsc. using plastic butter tubs to store leftoversd. using waste heat to warm a roome. making paper goods from previously used

paper

41. At our current average rate of use per person, how many planet Earths would we need to provide an endless supply of renewable resources?

a. 0.5b. 0.9c. 1d. 1.5e. 2

42. Affluence typically results in _____.a. population growthb. less educationc. increased povertyd. environmental restoratione. environmental degradation

43. What situation is most likely to occur as a result of poverty?a. increased media attention on children’s

healthb. access to clean drinking waterc. increased consumption in averaged. spread of disease from poor sanitatione. heart disease and diabetes from obesity

44. An average ecological footprint of an individual in a given country or area is known as ____.a. per capita gross GNPb. ecological footprintc. per capita GDPd. sustainable yielde. per capita ecological

footprint

45. Each of the three major cultural revolutions has allowed _____.a. ecological restorationb. expansion of the human populationc. greater worldwide sustainabilityd. pollution preventione. decreased consumption


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Chapter 1 Practice

46. Which discipline is most associated with environmental science?a. botanyb. political sciencec. sociologyd. ecologye. psychology

47. What term describes the highest rate at which a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply?

a. conservationb. sustainable yieldc. preservationd. perpetual resourcee. degradation

48. The degradation of commonly held resources is known as _____.a. the tragedy of the

commonsb. open-access degradationc. sustainable yieldd. pollutione. government regulation

49. The term _____ refers to the contamination of the environment by a chemical or other agent that is harmful to organisms.

a. natural capitalb. pollutionc. pesticided. human activitye. point source

50. What is the primary cause of natural deficit disorder?a. too much povertyb. too much affluencec. increased isolation from

natured. poor sanitatione. increased pollution

51. Volcanic gases in the atmosphere are considered a type of _____.a. cultural changeb. natural capital

degradationc. nonrenewable resource


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Chapter 1 Practice

d. renewable resourcee. pollution

52. What is a nonpoint source of pollution?a. drainpipeb. car exhaust pipec. power plantd. volcanoe. pesticides in the air

53. What is one of the three social science principles of sustainability?a. A dependence on solar energyb. A focus on chemical cyclingc. The degradation of natural capitald. A responsibility to future generationse. The ability to retain biodiversity

54. Nature deficit disorder is most likely to cause _____.a. obesityb. povertyc. stressd. poor sanitatione. dependence

55. Topsoil is an important component of _____.a. biodiversityb. ecosystemsc. natural resourcesd. win-win

solutionse. nutrient cycling

56. According to a number of environmental scientists, we already know how to reuse or recycle at least _____ of the nonrenewable resources we use.

a. 80%b. 65%c. 50%d. 40%e. 25%

57. More-developed countries _____.a. have a lower average incomeb. use mostly renewable resourcesc. rely entirely on nonrenewable resources


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Chapter 1 Practice

d. comprise 17% of the world’s population

e. provide fewer recycling services

58. What viewpoint embodies the idea that we should be responsible, caring managers of the earth?a. The planetary management worldviewb. The stewardship worldviewc. The environmental wisdom worldviewd. The environmental justice movemente. The renewable worldview

59. An estimated _____ middle-class consumers live in China.a. 10 millionb. 150 millionc. 300 milliond. 500 millione. 1 billion

60. In the IPAT equation, the ‘P’ stands for _____.a. povertyb. pollutionc. per capita ecological

footprintd. percente. population size

61. Using normally renewable resources faster than nature can renew them is called ____.a. nutrient cyclingb. nutrient deficitc. sustainabilityd. trade-offse. degrading natural capital

62. Having tall smokestacks is a form of _____.a. pollution preventionb. pollution cleanupc. natural capital

degradationd. ecological restoratione. tragedy of the commons

63. The first major cultural change that occurred in the human population was the _____.a. information-globalization revolutionb. agricultural revolution


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Chapter 1 Practice

c. industrial-medical revolutiond. technological revolutione. sustainability revolution

64. What are the priorities for more sustainable use of renewable resources, in order?a. refuse, renew, reduce, and recycleb. recycle, renew, reuse, and reducec. resource, recycle, renew, and reduced. refuse, reduce, reuse, and recyclee. refuse, reduce, recycle, and renew

65. A forest with plants, animals, and various other organisms is an example of a(n) _____.a. ecosystemb. speciesc. ecologyd. life-support systeme. nutrient

66. Sustainability refers to _____.a. the way in which the natural world worksb. how we interact with the environmentc. human methods of coping with environmental problemsd. refusing, reducing, reusing, and recyclinge. the capacity of the earth’s natural systems to survive, flourish, and

adapt

67. Which revolution began about 50 years ago and involved the development of technologies for gaining rapid access to all kinds of information and resources on a global scale?

a. The technology revolutionb. The information-globalization revolutionc. The agricultural revolutiond. The industrial-medical revolutione. The sustainability revolution

68. Use of a natural resource based on sustainable yields is most applicable to the idea of ____.a. nonrenewable resourcesb. renewable resourcesc. shared resourcesd. amenable resourcese. recycling

69. Which of the following is a point source of pollution?a. wind carrying dirt and pesticides from croplandsb. runoff from a stockyard


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Chapter 1 Practice

c. a smokestack from a power plantd. fertilizer runoff from lawnse. runoff from cropland

70. Exponential growth occurs when a population increases at a(n) _____ per unit time.a. fixed numberb. variable percentagec. fixed percentaged. slow ratee. unpredictable rate

The IPAT model of environmental impact uses the following equation:

Impact (I) = Population (P) x Affluence (A) x Technology (T)

Use this equation to answer the following three questions.

71. For two countries with the same population size and affluence, what would differentiate their total environmental impacts?

72. What is the key factor in total environmental impact in most more-developed countries?

Consider the total and per capita ecological footprints of the selected countries below and then use the data to answer the accompanying question.

Country Total Ecological Footprint (hectares/person) Share of Global Biological Capacity (%)

United States 2,810 (25%)European Union 2,160 (19%)China 2,050 (18%)India 780 (7%)Japan 540 (5%)

73. The total ecological footprint of China is relatively large, why is the per capita ecological footprint of China so small?

The IPAT model of environmental impact uses the following equation:

Impact (I) = Population (P) x Affluence (A) x Technology (T)

Use this equation to answer the following three questions.

74. What is the key factor in total environmental impact in most less-developed countries?

75. What are two ways to deal with the degradation of a shared resource?

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

76. Reducing poverty, promoting family planning, and elevating the status of women would help the world’s population


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Chapter 1 Practice

continue to grow.a. Trueb. False

77. Pollution cleanup is usually the best way of dealing with the release of a pollutant.a. Trueb. False

78. Pollutants are all human-made; in other words, they cannot enter the environment naturally.a. Trueb. False

79. A drainpipe of a factory that is releasing a pollutant is an example of nonpoint source of pollution.a. Trueb. False

80. China has the world’s largest population and second-largest economy.a. Trueb. False

81. The amount of biologically productive land and water required to supply the people in a country with renewable resources and recycling wastes and pollution is the ecological footprint.

a. Trueb. False

82. A basic cause of environmental problems results from the fact that companies using resources have to pay for the cost of the harmful environmental costs of supplying their products.

a. Trueb. False

83. While we are heavily dependent on the environment, we are not dependent on it for everything we need to stay alive and healthy.

a. Trueb. False

84. Take away solar energy and all natural capital would collapse.a. Trueb. False

85. The three overarching themes relating to the long-term sustainability of life on this planet are solar energy, biodiversity, and chemical cycling.

a. Trueb. False

86. Environmental science is a branch of environmentalism and has the aim of protecting the earth's life-support systems.a. True


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Chapter 1 Practice

b. False

87. Species are currently becoming extinct at the same rate as during prehuman times.a. Trueb. False

88. In environmental science, individuals tend to matter less because the issues are global in nature.a. Trueb. False

89. Living sustainably means living on natural income.a. Trueb. False

90. The Tragedy of the Commons refers to a lack of agricultural resources available for the common (poor) people in a country.

a. Trueb. False


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Chapter 1 Practice

Answer Key

1. natural capital degradation

2. planetary management

3. inexhaustible resource

4. least developed

5. sun

6. environmental worldview

7. reuse

8. renewable resources

9. point

10. Affluence

11. 1.25

12. nutrient cycling

13. industrial-medicalindustrialindustrial medical

14. natural resources natural servicesnatural services natural resources

15. exponentially

16. Hardin uses the term to indicate a resource that no one owns individually, that is held "in common," and which is available for exploitation. Open range land, owned by the government but used by ranchers to graze cattle, is an example.

17. The death rate fell without a drop in birth rates. Leveling off will result when birth rate drops.

18. An environmental worldview is a set of assumptions and values reflecting how one things the world works and what they think their role in the world should be.

The remainder of the answer will depend on the student’s worldview. The three environmental worldviews are:

Planetary management: we are separate from and in charge of natureStewardship: we can and should manage the earth for our benefitEnvironmental wisdom: we are part of, and dependent on, nature and the earth’s life support system exists for all species

19. Overuse of a resource will result in its degradation and ultimately its permanent loss. The pollution levels resulting from the use of the resource will overcome the biological capacity to cleanse the earth and societies will suffer from both


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Chapter 1 Practice

results.

20. The three scientific principles of sustainability are:Dependence on solar energyBiodiversityChemical cycling

Application answers will vary.

21. c

22. c

23. d

24. e

25. c

26. d

27. a

28. a

29. b

30. a

31. a

32. a

33. a

34. b

35. c

36. c

37. a

38. c

39. d

40. c

41. d


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Chapter 1 Practice

42. e

43. d

44. e

45. b

46. d

47. b

48. a

49. b

50. c

51. e

52. e

53. d

54. c

55. e

56. a

57. d

58. b

59. c

60. e

61. e

62. b

63. b

64. d

65. a

66. e

67. bCengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero

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68. b

69. c

70. c

71. The harmful environmental effects of technologies used in each country would be the differentiator.

72. Affluence

73. China has a large population.

74. Population size

75. One is to use a shared or open-access renewable resource at a rate well below its estimated sustainable yield by using less of the resource, regulating access to the resource, or doing both. The other way is to convert shared renewable resources to private ownership.

76. False

77. False

78. False

79. False

80. True

81. True

82. False

83. False

84. True

85. True

86. False

87. False

88. False

89. True

90. False


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