Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function ___________: study of how body works to maintain life ...
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Transcript of Chapter 1 : The Study of Body Function ___________: study of how body works to maintain life ...
Chapter 1 :The Study of Body Function
___________: study of how body works to maintain life
_____________________: how physiological processes are altered in disease or injury
A. The Scientific Method 1. Form a _________ hypothesis about
observations 2. Conduct & analyze ____________ to test
hypothesis 3. Draw conclusions about whether or not
results support hypothesis 4. Develop a __________
= general statement explaining natural phenomena that is based on proven hypotheses
Testing of Hypotheses Involves:
_____________& _________ groupsQuantitative measurements performed blindlyAnalysis of data using _________
Scientific Method is used to develop new drugs
When a new drug is suggested by experiments: Its effectiveness & toxicity tested first in
tissue culture, rats, mice
If effective & safe, clinical trials performed ________ Trials: Toxicity & metabolism
tested in healthy human volunteers ________ Trials: Effectiveness & toxicity
tested in target population ________ Trials: Widespread test of drug
in diverse population _________ Trials: Drug is tested for other
uses
B. _______________ 1. Is maintenance of fairly constant internal
conditions Around physiological set points Maintained by negative feedback loops
Fig 1.3
2. Controlled by Negative Feedback Loops ________: Detects
deviation from set point
___________: Determines response
___________: Produces response
Fig 1.1
B. Homeostasis (cont.)
3. Regulatory mechanisms: ________ control is built into organ being
regulated ___________ control comes from outside of
organBy nervous or endocrine systemsE.g. nervous control of ______________
Fig 1.4
B. Homeostasis (cont.)
4. Example- Negative Feedback Hormonal Control of Blood Glucose
Fig 1.61-13
B. Homeostasis (cont.)
1. Muscle Tissue
C. Primary Tissues (muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective
Specialized for contraction3 types: ______________________________
Fig 1.7
Is _________; voluntary Each fiber forms by
fusion of embryonic myoblasts To become large &
multinucleated Individually
controlled Lined-up in parallel
to form bundles
a. __________Muscle
b. __________Muscle
Is ____________; involuntary _________ to form
continuous fabric ______________ between cells
provide mechanical & electrical interconnections
Fibers not individually controlled
1-18
Fig 1.8
c. __________ Muscle
Is __________; involuntary Found in many organs,
tissues Controlled by ANS
Fig 1.9
2. Nervous Tissue
Consists of _________ & supporting or _________
Neurons are specialized for conducting electrical signals Parts- cell body __________ _______
3. Epithelial Tissue Lines & covers ______________ Consists of cells that form ____________________ Regularly replaced Squamous epithelial cells are flattened Cuboidal epithelial cells are cube-shaped Columnar epithelial cells are taller than wide
Squamous Cuboidal Columnar
Fig 1.11
Simple membranes are one cell thick Specialized for transport
Stratified has a number of layers Specialized for protection
Keratinized stratified squamous has outer layer of dead cells
Cells contain water-resistant keratin
Fig 1.13
____________ -Derived from epithelial cells Secrete onto epithelium via ducts Can be simple tubes or clusters called acini
Fig 1.15
4. ______________ Has lots of extracellular material
deposited in space between its cells Includes connective tissue proper,
cartilage, bone & blood ___________ connective tissue consists of
__________ (fibrous proteins) & tissue fluid E.g. dermis of skin
_________________ connective tissue is packed with fibers of collagen (e.g_________)
a. _________ Specialized for fat
synthesis, breakdown & storage
Fig 1.18
4. Connective Tissue
b. ________•Specialized for support, protection•Made of chondrocytes & elastic extracellular material•Serves as precursor for bone
c. Bone Formed as
concentric layers of calcified material
Contains 3 cell types: _________: bone-
forming cells __________:
trapped, inactive osteoblasts
_____________: the bone resorbing cells
Fig 1.19
D. Organs and organ systems
__________- 2 or more primary tissues ____________ - groups of organs working
together to maintain homeostasis
Skin-The Largest Organ
outer layer - protective _____________ Middle layer - _____________ (contains connective
tissue, glands, blood vessels, nerves) Inner layer - _______________ (contains fat)
Fig 1.21