Chap 1 The Microbial World & You

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Chapter 1: The Microbial World & You

Oral bacteria

Note shapes & sizes

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ObjectivesChapter 1 Micro: The Microbial World & You

Reading:

1. Chapter 1

2. White book, 7th edition: p.35, 410-435, 477-478. Info on diseases if needed: 619-620, 697, 586, 641, 538 – 543, 728-731, 706-707

3. Black book, 8th edition: p. 34, 413-415, 483-484. Info on diseases if needed: 635, 707, 597, 660, 548-554, 750-752, 727-728

Objectives

1. List several ways in which microbes affect our lives, beneficially, neutrally and/or negatively.

2. Recognize the system of scientific nomenclature that uses two names: a genus and specific species/epithet names.

3. Differentiate among the major characteristics of each group of microorganisms: bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, multicellular animal parasites (have a microscopic stage in life cycle).

4. Compare the theories of spontaneous generation & biogenesis.

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5. Identify and discuss the contributions to microbiology made by Hooke, vanLeeuwenhoek, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, Jenner, and Fleming.

6. Define and differentiate prokaryote, eukaryote, aseptic technique, fermentation, pasteurization, vaccination, immunity (passive/active & acquired/natural), chemotherapy, antibiotics, bioremediation, bacteriology, mycology, parasitology, immunology, virology, normal microbiota,pathogen, resistance.

7. Explain the importance and example uses of recombinant DNA technology.

8. List 2 examples of biotechnology that use genetic engineering and 2 that do not.

9. Describe, compare and contrast the cause (bacterial, viral, protozoan, etc), source (how you get it), symptoms and time frame, treatment and prevention for each of the following infectious diseases: mad cow, E. coli 0157, Flesh-eating Strep, AIDS/HIV, syphilis, cryptosporidium

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Common Terms

1. Microbes/Microorganisms

2. Pathogen

3. Pathogenicity

4. Chemotherapy

5. Antibiotics

6. Synthetic Drug

7. Drug Resistance

A. Exchange of _____________________

B. .

C. Inappropriate prescriptions

i. Less-developed countries

ii. Developed countries

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Germ Theory & Binomial Nomenclature

Binomial Nomenclature

1. Genus: ___________________

2. Species/Specific Epithet: ___________________

3. ___________________________

4. Examples:

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Classification-Viruses

Viruses: Non-living.

1. Protein coat & nucleic acid- _____________________

2. _________________________________ parasites

3. Lab growth

4. Some oncogenic

5. Treatment

A. ________________________________

B. ________________________________

C. Interferon

6. Virology

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Classification-ProkaryoteProkaryote:1. Unicellular 2. Bacteria

A. Shapes: (Diagram in Lab #1 Microscope)i. Bacillus; ________________ii. Coccus; _________________iii. Spiral; ___________________

B. Cell wall: ________________________C. Reproduction: binary fissionD. Bacteriology

3. ArcheaA. _________________________________B. Examples:

i. Methanogensii. Halophilesiii. Thermophiles

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Classification- FungiEukaryotes

1. Fungi

A. Yeasts-_______________

B. Molds & mushrooms-______________

i. Mycelia – mass of _________________

ii. Tape plates shut-airborne spores

C. Cell walls; ______________

D. _________________ nutrients

E. Reproduction: asexual or sexual

F. Mycology

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Classification-Protozoa

2. ProtozoaA. UnicellularB. Movement:

i. Pseudopodsii. Flagellaiii. Cilia

C. Reproduction: Sexual or asexual

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Classification-Multicellular Animal Parasites

4. Multicellular animal parasitesA. Helminthes: parasitic ______________________

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Other TermsOther Terms1. Parasitology: Study of both ________________________

2. Host: Organism ____________ by pathogen

3. Vector:________________ that carries organism between hosts

4. Reservoir: Continual ________________ of infection-human, animal or non-living

5. Examples:A. Helminths: Pork tapeworm

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Lyme Disease

B. Bacterial: Lyme disease

i. Host: _______________

ii. Vector: _______________

iii. Reservoir: _____________

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History of MicrobiologyHistory of Microbiology

1. Hooke: Coined _____________

2. VanLeewenhoek: _______________________

3. Spontaneous Generation: A. Life from nonlivingB. Pros/Support

i. Needham: __________________________________C. Cons

i. Redi: Decaying meat. ___________________________

ii. Spallanzani: __________________________________

4. Biogenesis: ________________________________

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Pasteur5. Pasteur:

A. Disproved Spontaneous Generationi. ________________________cause growth

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Pasteur continued

B. Conclusions

i. .

ii. .

iii. .

C. Basis for ________________________________

i. .

D. Pasteurization: Heat enough to _______________________

E. Fermentation: Microbes (yeast) convert _________________

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Golden Age of Microbiology 1857-1914

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Lister, Koch & Koch’s Postulates

6. Lister: Aseptic surgeryA. phenol

7. Koch: A. ID’ed cause of anthrax in cattle & TB in humansB. Germ Theory of DiseaseC. Koch’s Postulates

i. .

ii. .

iii. .

iv. .

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Koch’s Postulates-Exceptions, JennerD. Postulate Exceptions:

i. Too _____________________

ii. Disease caused by __________________

iii. Microbe produces ______________________

iv. Ethical issues

8. Jenner:A. Vaccination/Immunization: Immunity acquired by vaccine

administration i. smallpox/cowpox

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Jenner, Vaccinations & ImmunityB. Vaccine: Killed, inactivated or attenuated microbes to induce

______________________________immunity

C. Immunity: Specific resistance by body’s defense against a particular pathogeni. Active vs. Passive

a) Active: ___________________________________

b) Passive: __________________________________• .• .

ii. Natural vs. artificial See Fig 17.1 p.477 Acquired Immunity Categories

a) Natural active? b) Natural passive? c) Artificial active? d) Artificial passive?

D. Immunology

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Fleming, Benefits of Microbes9. Fleming: ________________________

Other Benefits of Microbes1. Recycling elements

A. .

B. .2. Sewage treatment

3. Bioremediation: Use of microbes to _____________

____________________________________________

A. ___________________

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Landfills, Insect Control, Biotechnology

B. Landfillsi. __________________ for energy

4. Insect pest control-___________________________

5. Biotechnology: ____________of microbes, cells or cell components to make useful products

Which of the examples listed previously fall under biotechnology?

Which do not?

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Biotechnology

Biotechnology1. W/o genetic engineering. Examples

A. .2. Genetic engineering: Manipulation

of genetic material ______________A. Recombinant DNA techniques:

insertion of gene into __________ ____________________________

i. .

ii. .

See Pharmaceutical Recombinant DNA Products Table 9.1, p 263 & Table 9.2

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Gene Therapy

B. Gene therapy: use virus to ___________________

i. Examples: _____________________________

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Microbes & Human Disease-TermsDisease Terms1. Normal microbiota/flora:

2. Infectious disease: Disease when pathogens invade ____________________________A. Universal precautions:

B. Eradicated:C. Emerging: New, changing or increasing.

Know: Be able to compare & contrast1. organism type 2. source 3. transmission 4. Symptom5. prevention 6. Treatment

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Mad Cow

Mad Cow1. .

2. .

3. .

4. Neurological disorder: __________________________years later

5. Illegal to ___________________________________________

6. .

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E. Coli O157

E.coli O157

1. .

2. .

Symptoms include hemorrhagic colitis & hemolytic uremic syndrome. What do those terms mean?

3. Within days- ___________________________________________

4. Self-limiting. ___________________________.

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Flesh-eating Strep species

Flesh-eating Strep

1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .

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HIV/AIDS1. .

2. .

3. .

4. .5. AIDS: Kaposi’s sarcoma, life-threatening pneumonia

(Pneumocystis carinii) yeast & other infections

6. Treatment to ___________________________________________

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Syphillus-p. 729Syphillus1. .

2. .

3. .

4. 3 symptomatic stages:

A. 1o (2 weeks- months): __________

B. Latent 2-4 years

C. 2o: _______________

D. 3o: _______________________________

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Cryptosporidium

Cryptosporidium

1. .

2. Waterborne-contam _________ __________________________

3. .

4. .

5. Self-limiting. ______________.