Chapter 1

The Human Body: An Orientation

Science has different branches

What is Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy (Greek “cutting open”) Structure• The study of internal and external structure

and the relationship between structuresPhysiology• How structures function• The anatomy of the heart was clearly

described in the 15th century but almost 200 years passed before anyone realized that it pumped blood!

Subdivisions of Anatomy

• Gross Anatomy- Macroscopic (visible to the eye)– Organs and organ systems

• Microscopic Anatomy- cannot be seen without magnification– Cells and tissue

Levels of Organization

From small to big

• Chemical level- Atoms ->molecules

• Cellular level- molecules come together to make an organelle, organelles come together to make a cell

• Tissue level- tissue is made of up of similar cells that work together to perform a job.

• Organ level- an organ is composed of two or more different tissues.

• Organ system - different organs come together to make up an organ system

• Organism level- different organ systems come together to make up an organism

1-5 Human body consists of 11 organ systems

Scientific Terminology

• It is important in A&P to recognize the meaning of word parts- they give clues to the meaning of a scientific term.

• WE WILL BE COVERING – prefixes (first part of a word)– Suffixes (end of the word)– Roots (nothing at the beginning or end- word stands

alone)

Try this example!!

Anatomy and Physiology Word Construction

1. Blood2. Inflammation3. Swelling4. Yoked5. Without6. On7. Hollow cell8. Within

9. Small10.Large11.Two12.Vessel13.break14.Liver15.Out, away

from

16.Below17.Blue18.Through19.Above20.Around21.Between22.Origin23.under

Maintaining Life• Eight functions needed for Life• Five survival needs of human body

– 1. Movement- maybe internal(circulatory) or external (skeletal/muscular)

2. Responsiveness (irritability)

• The ability to sense change (stimuli)• And react to them • Mostly involuntary (involves nervous system)

– 3. Growth-(Over a lifetime)- organisms increase in size by growth of cells. Cells become specialized, this is called _____________________

– 4. Reproduction- creating new generations. Two types _______________ and _________________

– 5. Metabolism- chemical reactions that must occur to provide energy for ALL life functions.

– What reaction provides energy?– Where does this occur?– What does it require?– How are the requirements delivered to cells?

– Requires gas (respiratory), nutrition (digestive) and the removal of wastes (excretory)

6. Digestion

• Process of:– Breaking down food (ingestion)– Absorbing nutrients (absorption)– Eliminating wastes (egestion)

7. Excretion

• Removing excreta (wastes)• Feces and urine

8. Maintaining Boundaries

• “inside” remains distinct from “outside”• External membrane (integumentary system)

Survival Needs

1. Nitrients (food)- needed for energy and cell building (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals)

2. Oxygen – needed for C.R. 3. Water- 60-80% of body weight4. Normal body temperature5. Atmospheric pressure- breathing depends on

this

Homeostasis

• Organ systems are interdependent, interconnected, and occupy a small space.

• Just as the inhabitants of a large city breather the same air and drink water from the same company, the cells in the human body absorb oxygen and nutrients from body fluids that surround them.

• ALL CELLS are in contact with blood or some other body fluid!

• Homeostasis is the cells ability to MAINTAIN a stable internal environment (by exchanging material with surroundings.

• To do so, this involves:– Receptor that _____________the stimulus– A control center that __________the stimulus– And an effector which _____________

A _____________can disrupt homeostasis

• Thermostat is a control center that monitors room temperature to make sure a set temperature is maintained. The thermostat receives information from a receptor (a thermometer). A drop in the temperature causes the heater to be turned on (a response) and it restores “homeostasis”

1-6 Negative and Positive Feedback• Negative- if a stimulus causes a rise or fall at the receptor, a variation

outside normal range triggers a response to correct it.– Thermoregulation________________________– What happens to your body if you get too cold?– Too hot?

• Positive-A stimulus produces a response that increases the production of a chemical.

Anatomical terms

• Anatomical position

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Anatomical Planes, Axes & Directions - YouTube

1-8 Body cavities (What is a cavity?)• Vital organs are suspended in chambers called

body cavities.– Function: protect vital organs

• Dorsal cavity- back side (cranium cavity and spinal cavity)– Cranium cavity-

houses the brain– Spinal cavity- The

spinal cord runs from the brain down the back. The cord is protected by vertebrae. The vertebrae surrounds the spinal cavity

• Ventral- Front . Contains the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity.

Diaphragm divides the– Thoracic – Abdominopelvic

All cavities are Surrounded by a Membrane

4 types of membranes• The four types of

membranes:• 1) cutaneous

membranes- skin (air/dry)

• 2) serous membranes- line organs of dorsal cavity

• 3) mucous membranes- lines openings in body

• 4) synovial membranes- cavity of joints. Make lubricating fluid

• The serous membranes line the closed, internal divisions of the ventral body cavity.

• The three types of serous membranes are: – 1) the pleura, lining the

pleural cavities and covering the lungs;

– 2) the peritoneum, covers the abdominal organs

– 3) the pericardium, lining the pericardial cavity and covering the heart.

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Abdominopelvic cavity• From the diaphragm to the pelvis.• It includes:– The abdominal cavity (superior)– The Pelvic cavity (inferior)

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The 4 abdominopelvic quadrants

The 9 abdominoplevic regions

Use the following terminology to fill in the body regions

1. acromial (shoulder) 2. antebrachial (forearm) 3. antecubital (front of elbow) 4. Axillary (armpit) 5. brachial (arm) 6. buccal (cheek) 7. calcaneal (heel) 8. carpal (wrist) 9. Cephalic (head) 10. Cervical (neck) 11. Coxal (hip)12. crural (leg) 13. digital (fingers) 14. digital (toes) 15. ear 16. femoral (thigh) 17. frontal (forehead) 18. gluteal (buttock) 19. inguinal (groin) 20. lower limb 21. mammary (breast)

22. manus (hand) 23. mental (chin) 24. nasal (nose) 25. oral (mouth) 26. orbital (eye) 27. palmar (palm) 28. patellar (anterior surface of knee) 29. pedal (foot) 30. plantar (sole) 31. popliteal (hollow posterior of knee) 32. pubic (pubis) 33. sacral (between hips) 34. scapular (shoulder blade) 35. sural (calf) 36. tarsal (ankle) 37. umbilical (naval)38. upper limb 39. vertebral (spinal column

Radiological Procedures

• X-rays- high energy radiation that can penetrate living tissues

• CAT/CT scans- a technique that uses x-rays to reconstruct the body’s 3D structure

• (CAT- computed axial tomography)• (CT- computed tomography

head scans, -suspected brain tumours and bleeding or swelling of the arteries; following a stroke abdominal scans, which can be used to detect tumors and diagnose conditions that cause internal organs, such as the liver, kidneys, pancreas, intestines or lungs, to become enlarged or inflamed vascular scans, which can be used to assess conditions that affect the blood flow to different parts of the body bone scans, assess bone injuries and disease, particularly in the spine

• MRI- (magnetic resonance imaging) a technique that employs a magnetic field and radio waves to make subtle structural differences visible.

This makes MRI ideal for helping to diagnose conditions that affect the brain and nervous system. For example:brain tumoursdementiaAlzheimer’s diseasestrokeParkinson’s diseasemultiple sclerosismotor neurone disease brain infections, such as meningitis and encephalitisinjuries to the brain or spinal cord diagnose breast cancer. MRI is widely used to study how far cancers that affect specific organs have spread

• PET (position emission tomography) scan- a technique that shows the chemical functioning, as well as the structure of an organ.

PET scans can also be used to find out how well a treatment is working.The main advantage of a PET scan compared with other types of scans, is it can indicate how well a particular part of the body is working, rather than simply showing what it looks like.

• PET scans are a very effective way of tracking the blood flow in and around the heart. Therefore, they are often used to determine whether someone could benefit from different types of heart surgery such as a:

• One of the most common uses of a PET scan is to investigate confirmed cases of can

• Ultrasound- a technique that uses brief bursts of high frequency sound waves reflected by internal structures.

help diagnose problems in many parts of your body, including your:liver (cirrhosis) gallbladder (gallstones) thyroid gland lymph nodes ovaries testes breasts For example, it can help to detect whether a lump in one of these organs is a tumour or a cyst.Ultrasound may also be used to diagnose problems with your:blood vessels (aneurysm) joints, ligaments and tendons skin eyes