Chapter 1Chapter 1The Evolution of Private Security:The Evolution of Private Security:

A Brief HistoryA Brief History

IntroductionIntroduction

Reith’s 4 phases in evolution of quest for Reith’s 4 phases in evolution of quest for security.security. The search for collective security.The search for collective security. Need for rules and laws.Need for rules and laws. Some people would not obey laws.Some people would not obey laws. The means to compel observance of rules The means to compel observance of rules

found.found.

Private SecurityPrivate Security

Separation of private and public security Separation of private and public security happened in 19happened in 19thth century. century.

Private security evolved from need for Private security evolved from need for additional, individual protection for humans additional, individual protection for humans and their property.and their property.

Ancient TimesAncient Times

Ancient people used physical security Ancient people used physical security such as weapons, lake or cliff dwellings, such as weapons, lake or cliff dwellings, walls and gates.walls and gates.

Example: Great Wall of China.Example: Great Wall of China. Rulers began to appoint enforcement Rulers began to appoint enforcement

people to help with public and private people to help with public and private security.security.

Evolution of early police and fire Evolution of early police and fire protection.protection.

The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages

Tithings-groups of 10 responsible for law Tithings-groups of 10 responsible for law and order in England.and order in England.

With Norman Conquest came the With Norman Conquest came the Frankpledge system.Frankpledge system.

All free Englishmen had to swear to All free Englishmen had to swear to maintain the peacemaintain the peace

1215-Magna Carta gave Englishmen “due 1215-Magna Carta gave Englishmen “due process” of law and created foundation for process” of law and created foundation for modern justice.modern justice.

Middle AgesMiddle Ages

1285-Statute of Westminster established:1285-Statute of Westminster established: Watch and ward-town watchmen.Watch and ward-town watchmen. Hue and cry-response to resistance.Hue and cry-response to resistance. Assize of arms-weapons in the homes.Assize of arms-weapons in the homes.

Merchants dissatisfied.Merchants dissatisfied. Hired private security.Hired private security.

The Eighteenth CenturyThe Eighteenth Century

Industrial Revolution brought more crime Industrial Revolution brought more crime to cities.to cities.

Increased private policing.Increased private policing. Military used to suppress riots.Military used to suppress riots. Magistrate system evolved.Magistrate system evolved. Fielding-advocate of crime prevention.Fielding-advocate of crime prevention. Bow Street Runners-professional detective Bow Street Runners-professional detective

agency.agency.

The Eighteenth CenturyThe Eighteenth Century

Pitt’s Reform Bill to establish a strong Pitt’s Reform Bill to establish a strong police force defeated.police force defeated.

Middlesex Justice Bill successful.Middlesex Justice Bill successful. Colquhoun used statistics to argue for Colquhoun used statistics to argue for

large police force.large police force. He also established a private security He also established a private security

force.force.

Nineteenth Century EnglandNineteenth Century England

Sir Robert Peel’s Metropolitan Police Act Sir Robert Peel’s Metropolitan Police Act created the London Metropolitan Police to created the London Metropolitan Police to prevent crime.prevent crime.

Two objectives:Two objectives: Prevent crime and disorder.Prevent crime and disorder. Test of police efficiency is absence of crime Test of police efficiency is absence of crime

and disorder.and disorder.

Evolution of Private Security in USEvolution of Private Security in US

Primary means of security in US-Primary means of security in US-constables and night town watchmen.constables and night town watchmen.

Mid-1800s saw the first full-time police Mid-1800s saw the first full-time police forces.forces.

Private railroad security developed for Private railroad security developed for interstate railway crime.interstate railway crime.

Alan Pinkerton developed contract security Alan Pinkerton developed contract security forces.forces.

Other Security AdvancesOther Security Advances

First electric burglar alarm systems-1853.First electric burglar alarm systems-1853. Central monitoring systems later in the Central monitoring systems later in the

century.century. Brink established armored car and courier Brink established armored car and courier

services.services. Establishment of Burns’ Detective Agency.Establishment of Burns’ Detective Agency.

The World Wars and the The World Wars and the DepressionDepression

Fear of sabotage and espionage.Fear of sabotage and espionage. Private security very high during WWI.Private security very high during WWI. Declined during depression.Declined during depression. WWII saw a significant increase in private WWII saw a significant increase in private

security.security. Heightened emphasis on government Heightened emphasis on government

security.security. Increase in plant security for industry.Increase in plant security for industry.

Contemporary Private SecurityContemporary Private Security

Increase in governmental regulations.Increase in governmental regulations. Public police unable to meet all needs.Public police unable to meet all needs. Development of Wackenhut Corporation-Development of Wackenhut Corporation-

contract guard and investigative agency.contract guard and investigative agency. In-house security systems.In-house security systems. Preventive philosophy of private security.Preventive philosophy of private security. By 1990s, private security a multibillion-By 1990s, private security a multibillion-

dollar-a-year business.dollar-a-year business.

Summary QuestionsSummary Questions

How has private security differed from public law How has private security differed from public law enforcement throughout history?enforcement throughout history?

Identify the security measures uses in ancient Identify the security measures uses in ancient times, Middle Ages, Eighteenth Century times, Middle Ages, Eighteenth Century England, Early Colonial America.England, Early Colonial America.

Identify the security established by the tithing Identify the security established by the tithing system, the Frankpledge system, the Magna system, the Frankpledge system, the Magna Carta, the Statute of Manchester. Carta, the Statute of Manchester.

Summary QuestionsSummary Questions

Identify contributions to private security Identify contributions to private security made by Fielding, Colquhoun, Peel, made by Fielding, Colquhoun, Peel, Pinkerton, Brink, Burn, Wackenhut.Pinkerton, Brink, Burn, Wackenhut.

What role did railroad police play in the What role did railroad police play in the evolution of private security?evolution of private security?

Discuss the impact of the world wars on Discuss the impact of the world wars on private security.private security.

What was the status of private security by What was the status of private security by the 1990s?the 1990s?