CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1

THE BASIC PLANTHE BASIC PLAN

How are other sciences related How are other sciences related to Anatomy & Physiology?to Anatomy & Physiology?

BIOLOGY- fundamental to all life sciencesBIOLOGY- fundamental to all life sciences

- divided into 2 main categories: - divided into 2 main categories:

1. 1. botanybotany- the study of plants- the study of plants

2. 2. zoologyzoology- the study of animals- the study of animals

MORPHOLOGY- form and structure of plants MORPHOLOGY- form and structure of plants and animalsand animals

ANATOMY- subdivision of morphologyANATOMY- subdivision of morphology

- structure of cells and organs, their - structure of cells and organs, their relationship to whole organismrelationship to whole organism

- - gross anatomy-gross anatomy- structures visible to structures visible to naked eyenaked eye- - histology- histology- study of tissuesstudy of tissues- cytology-- cytology- study of cells study of cells

PHYSIOLOGY-how an organism functionsPHYSIOLOGY-how an organism functions• Human physiology-Human physiology- physical and physical and

chemical mechanisms associated with chemical mechanisms associated with the human bodythe human body• What, how, why?What, how, why?

- - mammalian physiology- mammalian physiology- organ organ systems of mammalssystems of mammals

- - comparative physiology- comparative physiology- compares compares different animalsdifferent animals

-- environmental physiology- environmental physiology- focuses focuses on natural environment and how on natural environment and how conditions affect humansconditions affect humans

Physiology relies on other fields:Physiology relies on other fields:

Biochemistry- Biochemistry- study of the chemistry of study of the chemistry of organisms and their life processesorganisms and their life processes

Psychology- Psychology- study of the mind, human study of the mind, human emotions, and behavioremotions, and behavior

Pathology- Pathology- the study of the causes and the study of the causes and effects of bodily dysfunction or diseaseeffects of bodily dysfunction or disease

Genetics-Genetics- study of how traits are study of how traits are transmitted from one generation to the transmitted from one generation to the nextnext

STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATIONSTRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION

First level: CHEMICAL LEVELFirst level: CHEMICAL LEVEL- Common to all living organismsCommon to all living organisms- Atoms join to form molecules, which Atoms join to form molecules, which

make up living organismsmake up living organisms

Second level: CELLULAR LEVELSecond level: CELLULAR LEVEL

- molecules interact to form organelles- molecules interact to form organelles

SPECIALIZATIONSPECIALIZATION

- In early stages of development, cells go - In early stages of development, cells go through DIFFERENTIATIONthrough DIFFERENTIATION

DIFFERENTIATION- cells having a DIFFERENTIATION- cells having a common origin become specialized common origin become specialized for certain functionsfor certain functions

- Develop characteristics that make Develop characteristics that make them uniquethem unique

Third level: TISSUE LEVELThird level: TISSUE LEVEL- Made up of cells with a common Made up of cells with a common

origin, function, and appearanceorigin, function, and appearance

Forth level: ORGAN LEVELForth level: ORGAN LEVEL- Formed when different kinds of tissues are Formed when different kinds of tissues are

joined togetherjoined together- ORGAN- differentiated part of an organism ORGAN- differentiated part of an organism

adapted for a specific functionadapted for a specific function- Ex: heart, brain, liver, stomachEx: heart, brain, liver, stomach

Fifth level: ORGAN SYSTEMFifth level: ORGAN SYSTEM- Groups of organs joined togetherGroups of organs joined together

EACH LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION EACH LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION DEPENDS ON THE OTHERSDEPENDS ON THE OTHERS

- damage at any level can affect the - damage at any level can affect the entire systementire system

DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGYDIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY

Many locations are described using Many locations are described using directional terminologydirectional terminology

ANATOMICAL POSITION- individual is ANATOMICAL POSITION- individual is standing upright, with head and standing upright, with head and palms facing forwardpalms facing forward

- when lying down in the anatomical - when lying down in the anatomical position, a person is SUPINE when position, a person is SUPINE when face up and PRONE when face downface up and PRONE when face down

ANATOMICAL LANDMARKSANATOMICAL LANDMARKS

Anatomical landmarks can help you Anatomical landmarks can help you remember the location of particular remember the location of particular structures (these are anatomical terms):structures (these are anatomical terms):

1. Cephalon- head, cephailic1. Cephalon- head, cephailic

2. Oris- mouth, oral2. Oris- mouth, oral

3. Brachium- arm, brachial3. Brachium- arm, brachial

4. Antebrachium- forearm, antebrachial4. Antebrachium- forearm, antebrachial

5. Carpus- wrist, carpal5. Carpus- wrist, carpal

6. Pollex- thumb6. Pollex- thumb

7. Patella- kneecap, patellar7. Patella- kneecap, patellar

8. Tarsus- ankle, tarsal8. Tarsus- ankle, tarsal

9. Nasus- nose, nasal9. Nasus- nose, nasal

10. Thoracis- chest, thoracic10. Thoracis- chest, thoracic

11. Umbilicus- navel, umbilical 11. Umbilicus- navel, umbilical

12. Manus- hand, manual12. Manus- hand, manual

13. Dorsum- back, dorsal13. Dorsum- back, dorsal

14. Gluteus- buttocks, gluteal14. Gluteus- buttocks, gluteal

15. Popliteus- back of knee, popliteal15. Popliteus- back of knee, popliteal

16. Calcaneus- heel, calcaneal 16. Calcaneus- heel, calcaneal

17. Plantus- sole of foot, plantar17. Plantus- sole of foot, plantar

18. Cervicis- neck, cervical18. Cervicis- neck, cervical

19. Face- facial19. Face- facial

20. Forehead- frontal20. Forehead- frontal

21. Cheek- buccal21. Cheek- buccal

22. Ear- otic22. Ear- otic

23. Cranium- skull, cranial23. Cranium- skull, cranial

24. Mentis- chin, mental24. Mentis- chin, mental

25. Axilla- armpit, axillary25. Axilla- armpit, axillary

26. Antecubitis- front of elbow, antecubital26. Antecubitis- front of elbow, antecubital

27. Palm- palmar27. Palm- palmar

28. Digits- fingers or toes, digital28. Digits- fingers or toes, digital

29. Leg- crural29. Leg- crural

30. Hallux- big toe30. Hallux- big toe

31. Pes- foot, pedal31. Pes- foot, pedal

32. Thigh- femoral32. Thigh- femoral

33. Pubis- genitals, pubis33. Pubis- genitals, pubis

34. Groin- inguinal34. Groin- inguinal

35. Pelvis- pelvic35. Pelvis- pelvic

36. Abdomen- abdominal36. Abdomen- abdominal

37. Mamma- breast, mammary37. Mamma- breast, mammary

38. Shoulder- acromial38. Shoulder- acromial

39. Olecranon- back of elbow, 39. Olecranon- back of elbow, olecranalolecranal

40. Loin- lumbar40. Loin- lumbar

41. Calf- sural41. Calf- sural

42. Eye- orbital42. Eye- orbital

BODY PLANESBODY PLANES

Humans have BILATERAL BODY Humans have BILATERAL BODY SYMMETRY- body can be bisected SYMMETRY- body can be bisected vertically into equal right and left vertically into equal right and left halveshalves

MIDSAGITTAL PLANE- plane that MIDSAGITTAL PLANE- plane that dissects body into equal right and dissects body into equal right and left halvesleft halves

SAGITTAL PLANE- SAGITTAL PLANE- vertical plane that vertical plane that divides the body divides the body into unequal halvesinto unequal halves

http://www.tech.nite.go.jp/huhttp://www.tech.nite.go.jp/human/eng/image/iintroduction/man/eng/image/iintroduction/sagittal.jpgsagittal.jpg

FRONTAL/CORONAL PLANE- If a vertical FRONTAL/CORONAL PLANE- If a vertical plane is drawn through the body at plane is drawn through the body at right angles to the midsagittal plane, right angles to the midsagittal plane, the body is divided into anterior the body is divided into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) portions(ventral) and posterior (dorsal) portions

TRANSVERSE PLANE- when the body is TRANSVERSE PLANE- when the body is divided horizontally (at right angle), divided horizontally (at right angle), then it is divided into upper (superior) then it is divided into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) positionsand lower (inferior) positions

http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/images/illu_body_planes.jpghttp://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/images/illu_body_planes.jpg

TERMS OF DIRECTIONTERMS OF DIRECTION

Anterior/Ventral- toward the front of the body or Anterior/Ventral- toward the front of the body or body partbody part

Ex: The navel is on the anterior surface of the Ex: The navel is on the anterior surface of the trunktrunk

Posterior/Dorsal- Toward the back of the body or Posterior/Dorsal- Toward the back of the body or body part; behindbody part; behind

Ex: The vertebral column is dorsal to the rib cageEx: The vertebral column is dorsal to the rib cage

Superior/Cranial- Uppermost part of a structure or Superior/Cranial- Uppermost part of a structure or aboveabove

Ex: The legs are superior to the feetEx: The legs are superior to the feet

Inferior- Lowermost part of a structure or belowInferior- Lowermost part of a structure or below

Ex: The diaphragm is inferior to the heartEx: The diaphragm is inferior to the heart

Caudal- Toward the tail (coccyx)Caudal- Toward the tail (coccyx)

Ex: The hips are caudal to the waist Ex: The hips are caudal to the waist

Medial- Nearest the midline of the bodyMedial- Nearest the midline of the body

Ex: The big toe is on the medial side of the footEx: The big toe is on the medial side of the foot

Lateral- Away from the midline, to the sideLateral- Away from the midline, to the side

Ex: The ears are on each lateral side of the headEx: The ears are on each lateral side of the head

Proximal- Nearest the attachment of an Proximal- Nearest the attachment of an appendageappendage

Ex: The elbow is proximal to the handEx: The elbow is proximal to the hand

Distal- Away from the point of attachmentDistal- Away from the point of attachment

Ex: The hand is distal to the elbowEx: The hand is distal to the elbow

Superficial- Close to the body surfaceSuperficial- Close to the body surface

Ex: The skin is superficial to underlying Ex: The skin is superficial to underlying structuresstructures

Deep- Farther away from the body Deep- Farther away from the body surfacesurface

Ex: The bone of the thigh is deep to Ex: The bone of the thigh is deep to the surrounding skeletal musclesthe surrounding skeletal muscles

BODY CAVITIESBODY CAVITIES

2 MAJOR CAVITIES:2 MAJOR CAVITIES:

DORSAL CAVITY- found within the skull DORSAL CAVITY- found within the skull and vertebral columnand vertebral column

* cranial cavity* cranial cavity

* spinal cavity* spinal cavity

VENTRAL CAVITY- diaphragm divides:VENTRAL CAVITY- diaphragm divides:

* thoracic cavity- superior, contains * thoracic cavity- superior, contains lungs, esophagus, heart, and major lungs, esophagus, heart, and major blood vesselsblood vessels

* abdominopelvic cavity- inferior, includes * abdominopelvic cavity- inferior, includes most of digestive organs, kidneys, spleenmost of digestive organs, kidneys, spleen

** abdominal cavity** abdominal cavity

** pelvic cavity** pelvic cavity

- Internal organs in the thoracic and - Internal organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are called abdominopelvic cavities are called VISCERAVISCERA

- The walls of the cavities are lined with a - The walls of the cavities are lined with a layer called a SEROUS MEMBRANElayer called a SEROUS MEMBRANE

The thoracic cavity contains 3 internal The thoracic cavity contains 3 internal chambers: chambers:

- 1 pericardial cavity (heart)- 1 pericardial cavity (heart)

- 2 pleural cavities (lungs)- 2 pleural cavities (lungs)

ORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEWORGAN SYSTEM OVERVIEW

SKELETAL SYSTEM- bones, cartilage, SKELETAL SYSTEM- bones, cartilage, joints, marrowjoints, marrow

- Provides support; protects tissues; Provides support; protects tissues; stores minerals; forms bloodstores minerals; forms blood

MUSCULAR SYSTEM- skeletal muscles, MUSCULAR SYSTEM- skeletal muscles, tendonstendons

- Responsible for movement; provides Responsible for movement; provides support; produces heatsupport; produces heat

NERVOUS SYSTEM- brain, spinal cord, NERVOUS SYSTEM- brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs for sight, hearing, nerves, sense organs for sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touchtaste, smell, and touch

- Makes us aware of environmental stimuli, Makes us aware of environmental stimuli, and gives us the ability to react to these and gives us the ability to react to these stimulistimuli

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- long, tubular DIGESTIVE SYSTEM- long, tubular passageway stretching from the lips to passageway stretching from the lips to the anusthe anus

- Processes food and absorbs nutrients- Processes food and absorbs nutrients

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- includes nose, RESPIRATORY SYSTEM- includes nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungslungs

- provides body with continuous supply of - provides body with continuous supply of oxygenoxygen

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- heart, blood CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM- heart, blood vessels, bloodvessels, blood

- transports cells and dissolved materials, - transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gasesincluding nutrients, wastes, and gases

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM- lymphatic vessels, LYMPHATIC SYSTEM- lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymuslymph nodes, spleen, thymus

- defends against infection and - defends against infection and disease; returns tissue fluid to the disease; returns tissue fluid to the bloodstreambloodstream

URINARY SYSTEM- includes kidneys, URINARY SYSTEM- includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethraureters, urinary bladder, urethra

- eliminate wastes from the body in - eliminate wastes from the body in the form of urinethe form of urine

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- consists of ENDOCRINE SYSTEM- consists of glands that secrete hormones into glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstreamthe bloodstream

- directs long-term changes in - directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systemsactivities of other organ systems

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMREPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

- produces sex cells and hormones- produces sex cells and hormones