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CHAPTER 1 Section 2

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First Cultures of North America

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Mound Builders Location: Appalachian Mountains, to the Mississippi Valley Accomplishments: Constructed mounds for burials and buildings, built the first cities in North America

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Anasazi Location: Southern Utah, Colorado, northern Arizona, New Mexico Accomplishments: Built cliff dwellings, made baskets, pottery, and jewelry

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Hohokam Location: deserts of Arizona Accomplishments: Skilled at farming, dug canals for irrigation, traded for seashells

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Native Americans of North America

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Far North Environment: harsh, often ice-covered Way of Life, Housing, Food: Fished, hunted marine mammals Environment: dense forests, climate too cold for farming Way of Life, Housing, Food: gathered forest plants, hunted caribou, moose, bear ArcticSub-Arctic:

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Northwest Environment: Stretches from southern Alaska to northern California Way of Life, Housing, Food: hunted and gathered in forests rich with animals and plants, fished in rivers

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Far West Environment: cold winters in the forests and grasslands Way of Life, Housing, Food: people ate small game, fish, and berries; houses of wooden planks in the north Environment: desert like, warm summers and mild winters Way of Life, Housing, Food: people ate small game, fish, and berries; pit houses and cone shaped houses covered with bark in the south NorthSouth

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Southwest Environment: Arizona, New Mexico, and the southern parts of Utah and Colorado; dry most of the year, summer thunderstorms Way of Life, Housing, Food: farming, some hunting, collect and store rain for the dry times, large apartment houses made of adobe

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Great Plains Environment: Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains; plains allowed farming Way of Life, Housing, Food: women planted corn, beans, squash, homes were earth lodges Environment: Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains; plains were too dry and matted with grass to be farmed Way of Life, Housing, Food: homes were tepees or round pits, buffalo provided food, shelter, clothing tools EasternWestern

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Eastern Woodlands Environment: southern Canada, Great Lakes, New York, Atlantic coast to Virginia, covered with forests Way of Life, Housing, Food: hunting and gathering, farming by A.D. 1000

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Southeast Environment: Mostly mild, but summers were steamy and hot Way of Life, Housing, Food: houses on wooden frames with straw mats plastered with mud clay; farming

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Native American Tribes of America and Illinois

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Native American Tribes of Illinois Native American tribe boundary lines were always changing.

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CHAPTER 1 Section 3

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Trade Networks of Asia and Africa

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Muslim Link in Trade By the 1500s, a complex trade network linked Africa, Europe, and Asia. Much of this trade passed through the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East.

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Muslim Link in Trade There, the religion of Islam emerged in the A.D. 600s through the prophet Muhammad. Islam spread rapidly through conquest and trade. Arab scholars made remarkable contributions to mathematics, medicine, and astronomy. Ship technology included large, triangular sails.

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The African Link in Trade: East Africa The most powerful trade center in eastern Africa in the 1400s was Zimbabwe. The coastal city of Kilwa exchanged cloth, pottery, and manufactured goods for gold, ivory, and furs from Africas interior. The slave trade also developed between East Africa and Asia across the Indian Ocean.

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The African Link in Trade: West Africa Trade linked the Middle East and West Africa. Desert nomads guided caravans across the Sahara. Ghana was the first major trade center in West Africa. The trade in gold and salt made West African rulers rich. Under Mansa Musa, Malis great city of Timbuktu became a center of learning. The third of the great West African trading empires was Songhai.

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The East Asian Link in Trade China had a higher level of technology than any other civilization of the time. The invention of the magnetic compass allowed ships to lose sight of land and still return home safely. The explorer Zheng He visited 30 nations throughout Asia and Africa. Goods such as silks, bronze goods, pottery, and spices flowed west from China to Middle Eastern and European markets. The Silk Road was one of the greatest trade routes of ancient times. However, it declined in importance when alternate sea routes were discovered.

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CHAPTER 1 Section 4

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Ancient Traditions and Their Influence PlaceReligious or Political TraditionInfluential Idea Middle East Judaism monotheism, the idea that there is only one God Middle East or Israel Christianity All people have an equal chance for salvation. Greece Direct democracy An assembly of ordinary citizens makes decisions. Rome republic Code of Laws People can elect senators to govern them. An accused person is innocent until proven guilty

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What: The Crusades When: 1095-1295 Why Its Important: It put Europeans in contact with the more advanced Muslim civilization. They learned about new technology that would help inspire Europeans to look overseas for trade Events the Influenced Europe!

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What: The Renaissance When: Beginning in 1300s Why Its Important: Scholars rediscovered classical texts of ancient Greece and Rome. Art, science, and invention flourished. Books became more available because of the Printing Press.

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Events the Influenced Europe! What: The Protestant Reformation When: 1517 Why Its Important: Martin Luther and many others broke from the Catholic Church. Many Protestant Churches emerged.

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Age of Exploration Henry the Navigator Set up a center for exploration Taught how to use a magnetic compass and an astrolabe Vasco da Gama Sailed passed the southern tip of Africa to India This course became an important trade route