SCOPE AND HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY. 2 Why Study Microbiology? Ubiquity.
Chapter 1 - Scope of Microbiology
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Transcript of Chapter 1 - Scope of Microbiology
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5/18/2018 Chapter 1 - Scope of Microbiology
1/381Copyright 2014, 2011, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, n!"
WELCOME
to
Clinical Microbiology
Hemant Sabharwal M.D., [email protected]!
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Chapter 1S!ope of #i!robiology
#osby items and derived items 2010 by #osby, n!", an affiliate of Elsevier n!"
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#i!robiology
Study of mi!roorganisms %ariety of te!hni&ues used for
%isuali'ation
dentifi!ation Study of mi!robial fun!tion
S!ien!e of mi!robiology (riginated )ith invention of the mi!ros!ope
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Comparison of Cell Si'es
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#i!ros!opy and ts +ounding +athers
a!!harias and -ans .anssen /ut!h eyeglass maers n about 1*0 produ!ed the first !ompound
mi!ros!ope
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ntony van 3eeu)enhoe
16$2152$ ative of -olland +ather of mi!ros!opy
(bserved proto'oans and ba!teria 7nimal!ules8
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9obert -ooe :16$*150$;
English s!ientist mproved the design and !apability of the
!ompound light mi!ros!ope
(bserved inse!ts, sponges, proto'oans, andmore
Micrographia
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3ight #i!ros!opes
/isse!tion and stereomi!ros!opes 3o) po)er? for observing )hole ob>e!ts
rightDfield mi!ros!ope
a!ground is lighter than observed spe!imen #ost spe!imens re&uire fi@ing and staining for
brightDfield mi!ros!opy
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rightDfield #i!ros!ope
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#i!ros!opes
/arDfieldmi!ros!ope =sed to vie) unfi@ed, unstained spe!imens
Su!h as living organisms a!ground dar, spe!imen bright
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/arDfield #i!ros!opy
Chee !ells
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#i!ros!opes
haseD!ontrast mi!ros!ope =sed to vie) unfi@ed, transparent spe!imens Effe!tive for observation of !ytoplasmi! streaming,
motility, and the dynami! states of !ell organelles
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haseD!ontrast #i!ros!opy
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#i!ros!opes
+luores!en!e mi!ros!opes =ltraviolet illumination %isuali'ation of spe!imens that !ontain naturally
fluores!ent substan!es or that have been stained)ith fluores!ent stainsFdyes =sed in diagnosis of infe!tious diseases =sed in mi!robial e!ologypplied to identify spe!ifi! antibodies in response
to antigens
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+luores!en!e #i!ros!opy
Pseudomonas
Courtesy /r" 3arry -alverson, o)a State =niversity"
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#i!ros!opes
Confo!al mi!ros!opes Sharper imagesllo)s visuali'ation of different planes of a
spe!imen (ften by using a laser for illumination mage !an be displayed threeDdimensionally )ith
7ele!troni! staining8
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1
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Ele!tron #i!rograph of a euron
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Ele!tron #i!ros!opes
S!anning :SE#; o se!tions S!ans the surfa!e of an ob>e!t GhreeDdimensional image
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S!anning Ele!tron #i!rograph of
Campylobacter
Courtesy /r" .ames /i!inson, o)a State =niversity"
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Spontaneous Heneration
biogenesis? 3ife develops from nonliving
matter roponents
+irmly believed that living things !an !ome fromnonliving matter
(pponents Started doubting and developed e@periments to
!ontradi!t abiogenesis 3ouis asteur ended the !ontroversy
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Spontaneous Heneration
+ran!es!o 9edi #aggots from fly eggs
ntony van 3eeu)enhoe
nimal!ules gave 7fuel8 for ea!h side of thedebate
.ohn eedham Gurbidity in boiled broth
Claimed vi!tory for abiogenesis
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Spontaneous Heneration
3a''aro Spallan'ani 9epeated eedhamIs e@periment )ithout air
a!!ess to the flas
3ouis asteur Ghe definitive e@periment )ith broth in s)anDne!ed flass
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Gurbidity and Hro)th
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Herm Gheory of /isease
Suspi!ion that mi!roorganisms !ause not
only spoilage and de!ay but also infe!tious
disease
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Herm Gheory of /isease
(liver Jendell -olmes Childbirth deaths lined to dirty hands of
physi!ians gna' Semmel)eis
3ined maternity infe!tions to !ontamination ofhands
9e&uired !hlorine solution )ash .oseph 3ister
E@panded proto!ols )ith aerosol disinfe!tion ntrodu!ed asepti! te!hni&ues
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2
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Classifi!ation of #i!roorganisms
roaryotes o membraneDbound organelles, su!h as a
nu!leus :pro, beforeL karyon,nu!leus;r!haea, ba!teria
Euaryotes Jith membraneDbound !ell organelleslgae, fungi, proto'oans
(ther %iruses, viroids, prions
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Ga@onomy
Ghe formal system of organi'ing, !lassifying,and naming living organisms
/omain, ingdom, phylum :division for
ba!teria;, !lass, order, family, and genus,spe!ies, strain inomial :s!ientifi!; nomen!lature?
established by 3innaeus Escherichia coli
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Kingdoms of 3ife
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Ga@onomy
Ea!h organism has at least t)o names? thegenus and spe!ies
S!ientifi! names are itali!i'ed or underlined
Ghe genus is !apitali'ed and the spe!ies is inlo)er !ase fter the first use, s!ientifi! names may be
abbreviated )ith the first letter of the genus E. coli
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Joese+o@ System?
Ghree /omains
a!teria r!haea Euarya
rotists
+ungi lantsnimals
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Ga@onomy
Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology altimore !lassifi!ation of viruses nternational Committee on Ga@onomy of
%iruses :CG%;
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#i!roorganisms in -ealth and
/isease
#i!robial e!ology (ften deals )ith biofilms ntera!tions
#utualism
Commensalism Synergism arasitism
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#i!roorganisms in -ealth and
/isease
ormal flora versus pathogens +oodborne diseases
(rganismFto@in !ontamination
Jaterborne diseases (rganism !ontamination irborne diseases
erosols
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pplied #i!robiology
+ood produ!tion Mogurt, bread
l!oholi! beverages Jine, beer
Greatment of )ater supplies ndi!ator organisms
harma!euti!al agents eni!illin
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$usti!e, epidemiology,
bioterrorism