Chapter 1 Review on some medicinal plants of Zingiberaceae...
Transcript of Chapter 1 Review on some medicinal plants of Zingiberaceae...
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Chapter 1
Review on some medicinal plants of Zingiberaceae Family
1.1. Introduction
Medicinal plants have been used for centuries as remedies for human
diseases. Treatments with the use of various plants have historically formed the
basis of sophisticated traditional medicine, preceding the established scientific
literature by thousands of years. With the advancement of science, the source of
the medicinal properties associated with these treatments has been investigated.
This quest for understanding has led to an explosion in the last hundred years in
the areas of isolation, biological activity, structural elucidation and the chemical
synthesis of natural products.1
Natural products represent a significant source of drug compounds that
are currently on the market for the treatment of a variety of diseases and some of
them are used as dietary supplements, as dyes, flavouring agents, or ingredients
in the cosmetics industry for meeting demand for effective and safer use.
Natural products from plants find application in several therapeutic
formulations. These compounds belong to different chemical classes (alkaloids,
phenolics, terpenoids, etc.) and have chemically diverse and complex structures.
One area of natural product is the study of terpenes, also referred to as terpenoids
or isoprenoids. Terpenoids are one of the largest groups of natural compounds
identified from diverse sources including plants, microbial sources and marine
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sponges. They play an important role in nature, but have also served as a source
of naturally occurring medicinal compounds, which in turn provide the basis for
the synthesis of biologically active molecules. The terpenoids may be divided
into subgroups based on the number of isoprenoid units with molecular formula -
(C5H8)n. This vast group of naturally occurring substances, contains an immense
range of structural diversity (over 200 skeletal types), which includes acyclic,
monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic and tetracyclic compounds. One of these
subgroups, the sesquiterpenes or sesquiterpenoids, possess 15 carbons, derived
from the assembly of three isoprenoid units. As with all the other terpene groups,
many sesquiterpenes possess biological activities - antimicrobial, antitumour and
cytotoxic. The guaianolides represent one of the largest groups of sesquiterpene
lactones with over 200 known naturally occurring compound.2,3
Zingiberaceae family is an important natural resource that provides many
useful products for food, spices, medicines, dyes, perfume and aesthetics.4 It
constitutes a vital group of rhizomatous medicinal and aromatic plants
characterised by the presence of volatile oils and oleoresins of export value and
widely distributed in India, and in tropical and subtropical regions of Asia
(specially Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia). India is one of the richest and
diverse regions for Zingiberaceae, having 22 genera and about 170 species. The
NE region of India is a zone of greatest concentration where 19 genera and about
88 species are reported.5 The important genera coming under Zingiberaceae are
Curcuma, Kaempferia, Hedychium, Amomum, Zingiber, Alpinia, Elettaria and
Costus. Most of the members of Zingiberaceae are found here at wild states,
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which are yet to be explored. They are well known for their use in tradicinal
medicine.5-11
Generally, the rhizomes of this family are aromatic, tonic and stimulant.
They are rich sources of essential oils that consist of numerous complex
terpenoid mixture. Many terpenoids compounds with varied physiological
activities - antimicrobial, antiarthritic, antioxidant, anticancer, antiinflammatory,
antidiabetic, anti-HIV, neuroprotective and larvicidal etc. have been identified in
the essential oils of Zingiberaceous plants.12-21
1.2. Multipotential bioactivities of Zingiberaceae family
Some plants in this family exhibit a wide spectrum of pharmacological
properties. Many researchers have reported on different potential bioactivities of
different members of Zingiberaceae family.
Table 1 The Biological activities of different members of Zingiberaceae family
Sl. No. Botanical name Parts used Bioactivity1 Alpinia allughas (Retz.)
Rosc.(Manipuri -Pullei)
Fruits andrhizome
Antioxidant22
2 Alpinia galanga (Linn.)Willd (Manipuri -Kanghu)
Rhizome Anti-inflammatory23, Antiallergic24,Gastroprotective25, Cytotoxicity26,Neuroprotective effect 27,Antioxidant and Antibacterial28
3 Alpinia nigra BURTT.(Manipuri - Pullei)
Tender shootand rhizome
Flukicidal 29, Antimycobacterial30,Free radical scavenger andantibacterial agent31-32
4 Alpinia zerumbet(Pers.) Burtt. et Sm.(Manipuri - ElaichiAchouba)
Rhizome Psychopharmacological andantioxidant effects 33
5
5 Amomum aromaticumRoxb. (Manipuri -Kukrubi)
Seeds Antimycobacterial30
6 Amomum subulatumRoxb.
Pods Antimicrobial34, anti-inflammatory,analgesic and antispasmodic35
7 Amomum zingiber L.(Hindi - Baba elaichi)
Rhizome Antibacterial and Antifungal34
8 Costus speciosus Sm.(Manipuri -Khongbantakhellei)
Rhizome Antidiabetic and antilipidemiceffect36, Antioxidant37
9 Curcuma aeruginosaRoxb. (English - pinkand blue ginger)
Rhizome Anti-androgenic effect38,Antimicrobial39
10 Curcuma amada Roxb.(Manipuri -Yai-heinounam)
Rhizome Antibacterial40, Cholesterollowering activity41, Antioxidant andantibacterial42, antitubercular43
11 Curcuma angustifoliaRoxb. (Manipuri -Yaipan)
Rhizome Antifungal44
12 Curcuma aromaticaSalisb. (Manipuri -LamYai)
Rhizome Inhibition of proliferation ofhepatoma45, Anticancer46,Larvicidal activity47, Antioxidant48
13 Curcuma caesia Roxb.(Manipuri –Yaimu)
Rhizome andseed
Anti-inflammatory and anti-asthmatic in ayurvedic medicines49,anti-microbial efficacy of essentialoils50
14 Curcuma comosa Roxb. Rhizome Antioxidant51, Proinflammatory52
15 C. heyneana Rhizome Anti-inflammatory53
16 Curcuma kwangsiensis Rhizome Anti-tumour54
17 Curcuma leucorrhizaRoxb. (Manipuri - Yaiangouba)
Rhizome Antioxidant and antimicrobial55
18 Curcuma longa L.(Manipuri - Yaingang)
Rhizome Anti-inflammatory56-57
Antioxidant58, Antifungal59,antibacterial60, anti-HIV 61, anti-tumour62, Cytotoxic63, Anti-Arthritic 64, Antidepressantactivity65, Antiviral effect66
19 Curcuma malabaricaVel.
Rhizome Antimicrobial67
20 Curcuma wenyujin Y.H. Chen et C. Ling
Rhizome Anti-influenza 68
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(Chinese - Erzhu)21 Curcuma xanthorrhiza
Roxb.Rhizome Antimicrobial69, Antioxidant70-71 ,
Antibacterial72
22 Curcuma zedoariaRosc.( Hindi - Kakhur)
Rhizome Anti-inflammation73 vasorelaxant,heptatoprotective, and inhibitoryactivity of NO production74-76,Anticancerous activity77, anti-angiogenesis effect78
23 Elettaria cardamomumMaton (Hindi - Elaichi)
Seeds andpods
Antimicrobial34, antispasmodic78
24 Hedychium coccineum(Manipuri - Takhelleiangangba)
Flower,rhizome and
stem
Anti-inflammatory79-82
25 Hedychium coronariumKoenig. (Manipuri -Takhellei angouba)
Flower,rhizome and
stem
Antibacterial83, Anti-inflammatory84, cytokines85,cytotoxic86
26 Hedychium spicatumSM. (Hindi - KapoorKachri)
Rhizome Antibacterial87 , Antioxidant88,Cytotoxic activity89
27 Kaempferia galanga L.(Manipuri -Yaithamnamanbi)
Leaves andrhizomes
Larvicidal activity90-92,Antibacterial93, Cytotoxic94
28 Kaempferia parviflora Rhizome Anti-allergic95, Anti-inflammatory96, Antimutagenic97
29 Kaempferia rotunda L.(Manipuri - Leipaklei)
Leaves andrhizomes
Insecticidal98, antimutagenicactivity99
30 Zingiber cassumunarRoxb. (Manipuri -Tekhaoyaikhu)
Rhizome Anti-inflammatory, antiallergic,antioxidant activity100
31 Zingiber montanum(Koen.) Link ex A.Dietr. (Manipuri -Tekhaoyaikhu)
Rhizome Anti-inflammatory activity101,Antiulcer102, Antioxidant andcytotoxic properties103a
32 Zingiber officinaleRosc. (Manipuri -Shing)
Rhizome Rheumatism and inflammation ofliver104-105, Hepatoprotectiveeffects106, antioxidant andantimicrobial107
33 Zingiber purpureumRosc.
Rhizome Antifungal108
34 Zingiber zerumbetSmith. (Manipuri -Shingkha)
Rhizome Anti-cancer, Anti-inflammation,Anti- HIV, Anti-alzheimer'sdisease, multipotentialbioactivities109
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1.3. Uses of some medicinal plants of Zingiberaceae family
Various plants belonging to the family Zingiberaceae are utilized as orna-
mentals, medicines or food (vegetables or spices). Rhizome extracts of some
members of the medicinal Zingiberales are widely used in dietary intake as well
as in the traditional system of medicine. In the genus Alpinia, A. galanga is the
most important one, which finds varying uses in ayurvedic preparations such as
“Rasnadi powder”. Costus speciosus is the only species in the genus Costus that
is medicinally important. It is valued very much for its diosgenin content. Some
Curcuma species are used as different crude drugs. In Curcuma, C. longa is the
most popular one, which has been studied in greater depths already. C. aromatica
is used in the treatment of skin diseases and is extensively used in vanishing
creams. Kaempferia galanga has become very popular and is identified to have
tremendous effect in curing bronchial and gastric diseases. In Zingiber, Z.
officinale is used as a diet worldwide. Ginger and turmeric rhizomes have
approximately 45 and 40% of starch, respectively.110, 182-183
Alpinia allughas (Retz.) Rosc.
Young shoots of A. allughas are used as vegetables. Inflorescence is usually
taken as appetizer. Rhizomes are used in gout and colic.18
Alpinia galanga (Linn.) Willd
Inflorescence of A. galanga is consumed raw and rhizome is used as medicine.
Root extract is abortifacient; fresh rhizome paste is applied to ringworms and
skin diseases; rhizomes are stimulant, carminative; used in rheumatism and
bronchial catarrh; herb is anti-tubercular; seeds are used for colic, diarrhoea and
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vomiting.7
Alpinia nigra BURTT.
Rhizomes of A. nigra is used as vegetable locally and has medicinal properties.
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Sm.
The capsule of A. zerumbet is used as spice and the rhizome as medicine. It is
also grown as ornamental plant.
Amomum aromaticum Roxb.
The stem of Amomum aromaticum is consumed as vegetable. Rhizome and root
extracts have hypoglycaemic and anthelmintic properties.5
Amomum subulatum Roxb.
Seed powder of A. subulatum is used in cough, vomiting, enlarged spleen and
diseases of rectum; decoction given in abdominal pain and as a tonic to the heart
and liver and also as a gargle in infection of teeth and gums. Rhizome and root
extracts have hypoglycaemic properties.5 Oil extracted from seed is applied to
inflamed eyelids.7
Costus speciosus Sm.
The rhizomes are useful in burning sensation, flatulence, constipation,
helminthiasis, leprosy, skin diseases, fever, hiccough, asthma, bronchitis,
inflammation and aneamia. It is used to make sexual hormones and
contraceptives.8
Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.
The rhizomes of C. aeruginosa are used in traditional oriental medicine as a
gastrointestinal remedy.
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Curcuma amada Roxb.
The rhizome of C. amada (Mango ginger) is used for therapeutic purpose and in
the manufacture of pickles, as a source of raw mango flavour. It is also used as an
appetizer, alexteric, antipyretic, aphrodisiac and a laxative. stimulant,
expectorant, diuretic, carminative and stomachic; rhizome paste is used as plaster
in sprains and bone fractures.7 Rhizome paste mixed with hot water applied in
inflammation (due to injuries), itching and skin diseases; decoction given in
bronchitis, asthma, constipation and gastric troubles.5 It is also used in applying
on piles and lightening the scars. It can be combined with other medicines to
improve the quality of blood.
Curcuma angustifolia Roxb.
The rhizome is also used in commercial pickles. The inflorescence of C.
angustifolia is used in the preparation of an indigenous curry Iromba by
Manipuris. Rhizome paste is applied in leprosy, leu-coderma, burning sensations;
decoction is given in asthma, jaundice, dyspepsia, kidney stones and anaemia.5
Curcuma aromatica Salisb.
C. aromatica rhizomes are used as tonic, carminative, and externally in
combinations with astringents, bitters and aromatics to bruises, in sprains and in
snake-bite. Rhizome paste/powder is used externally in leukoderma, scabies and
small pox; considered useful in blood diseases; juice is given orally as a strong
remedy against rheumatism and also (mixed with juices of other gingers)
administered for smooth delivery in N.E. India.5
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Curcuma caesia Roxb.
The rhizome of C. caesia is used externally for sprains and bruises, leukoderma,
piles; decoction is given in asthma, epilepsy, tuberculous gland of the neck and
with other ingredients given in weakness after child birth; juice is rubbed on the
body in jaundice; boiled and eaten in N. E. India.5 For curing wounds, pimples,
allergies, raw paste of rhizomes is applied externally. For migraine, 2 – 4 drops of
fresh juice is poured in nose. For longevity, impotence, infertility, irregular
menstrual flow, a spoonful powder from dried rhizomes is mixed with a spoonful
of honey or a cup of milk is taken twice a day. For gastric troubles, a fresh piece
of rhizome is chewed.
Curcuma comosa Roxb.
The rhizome of C. comosa has been used extensively in indigenous medicine and
as an anti-inflammatory agent for treating postpartum uterine bleeding. It has also
been widely used as an aromatic stomachic.52
Curcuma heyneana
A slurry prepared from fresh rhizomes of C. heyneana is used to treat skin
diseases; its crude extract is used to treat fatigue, helminth infections, obesity,
and rhumatism; and its pulverized form is used as a component in beauty
treatments.53
Curcuma leucorrhiza Roxb.
The rhizomes of C. leucorrhiza are used in Singbhum, Bihar for treatment of
enlarged liver and spleen, and ulcer in stomach.112
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Curcuma kwangsiensis
The rhizomes of C. kwangsiensis is used as a digestive and analgesic agent, and
also for the treatment of menstrual disorders.54
Curcuma longa L.
C. longa Linn. is extensively used as a spice, food preservative and colouring
material commonly used in the Indian subcontinent. Since the time of Ayurveda
(1900 BC) numerous therapeutic activities have been assigned to turmeric for a
wide variety of diseases and conditions, including those of the skin, pulmonary,
and gastrointestinal systems, aches, pains, wounds, sprains, and liver disorders.113
Curcuma malabarica Vel.
The rhizhomes of C. malabarica are used as starch which is reported to have
medicinal properties.67 Starches extracted from this plant are used in diets for
infants and convalescents due to their cooling and demulcent properties.
Curcuma wenyujin
The rhizomes of C. wenyujin are used as a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)
for the treatment of jaundice, thoracic-abdominal pain, arthralgia, hematuria,
dysmenorrhea, epilepsy and psychataxia.68
Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.
The inflorescence of C. xanthorrhiza is consumed as vegetable by the Manipuri
and also applied to bruises and sprains. Fresh root checks leucorrhoeal and
gonorrheal discharges and purifies blood.
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Curcuma zedoaria Rosc.
The rhizome of C. zedoaria has been used as a stimulant, stomachic, carminative,
diuretic, anti-diarrheal, anti-emetic, anti-pyretic, and depurator, and also as an
ointment for ulcers, wounds, and other skin disorders.114 The product ‘Zedoary’,
used as a tonic and in perfumery, is obtained from the tubers of C. zedoaria.
Elettaria cardamomum Maton.
Seeds of E. cardamomum is used as spice. Seeds are used in the treatment of
asthma and diseases of throat, liver, heart and kidney; they are well known for
use as a masticatory, spice and condiment.5 Seed extracts are carminative,
aromatic stimulant and diuretic.
Hedychium coccineum
H. coccineum is grown as ornamental plant. Flower is also offered in religious
ceremonies by the Meiteis.
Hedychium coronarium Koenig.
The rhizomes of H. coronarium are used for the treatment of inflammation, skin
diseases, headache, and sharp pain due to rheumatism in traditional medicine.11
Pharmacological studies have shown that an extract of H. coronarium has anti-
inflammatory and analgesic effects in an animal model.115
Hedychium spicatum SM.
The rhizome of H. spicatum in powder form is sprinkled as an antiseptic agent
and also used as a poultice for various aches and pains. It is used as a
carminative, stimulant, tonic and in dyspepsia, as well as in veterinary medicine.
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It is also useful in liver complaints, as an expectorant and in urinary disorders.
Abir, the famous scented powder, is prepared from H. spicatum.
Kaempferia galanga L.
The rhizome of K. galanga has been used traditionally for the treatment of many
ailments, such as stimulant, expectorant, diuretic and carminative. It is also
employed in cosmetics, mouth-washes, hair tonics and toiletries.
Kaempferia parviflora
The rhizomes of K. parviflora have been used for the treatment of colic disorder
and for peptic and duodenal ulcers.
Kaempferia rotunda L.
Rhizomes are used as an indigenous hair lotion. It is used for the treatment of
swelling and healing of fresh wounds; used in abdominal pain and gastric
troubles.
Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.
The rhizome of Z. cassumunar is used for the treatment of asthma, diarrhoea,
colic. It is also used as a stimulant, carminative; and given as antidote to snake
bite.
Zingiber montanum (Koen.) Link ex A. Dietr.
The rhizome of Z. montanum is given in diarrhoea, colic and used as a stimulant,
carminative; used for flavouring food preparation and substituted for true ginger;
also given as antidote to snakebite.10 Rhizome is used to treat fevers and
intestinal disorder; various lotions and decoctions applied to swellings,
rheumatism, bruise, numb feet, and painful parts.9 Traditional medicinal
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practitioner uses this rhizome in the treatment of piles and cough in Manipur.
Zingiber officinale Rosc.
Ginger, the rhizome of Z. officinale Roscoe as a traditional medicine is used for
management of such symptoms as the common cold, digestive disorders,
rheumatism, neuralgia, colic and motion-sickness, as well as being an important
spice to flavor foods and beverages. It has also been used as an antioxidant,
antimicrobial, and antifungal agent.107 6-Gingerol, the major gingerol in ginger
rhizomes, has been found to possess many interesting pharmacological and
physiological activities.
Zingiber purpureum Rosc.
Rhizomes are used against paralysis; and used as a neural or muscular stimulant.
Zingiber zerumbet Smith.
Z. zerumbet is used in the treatment of cough, asthma, worms, leprosy and other
skin diseases. Rhizomes are used as spice and condiment. It has been used for the
treatment of stomach ache, toothache, fever, sprain and indigestion. Young
rhizome with pseudostem is used as vegetable.109
1.4. Some bioactive compounds isolated from Zingiberaceae family
The rhizomes of some medicinal plants of this family have been widely
studied for the bioactive compounds present in them. Ten species have been also
identified to possess various bioactive molecules.103b Numerous terpenoids
compounds have been identified in the Zingiberaceous plants with varied
physiological activities.181
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Table 2. Biological activities of some Curcuma sesquiterpinoids
Sl.no. Compound Biological activity ReferenceBisabolane type sesquiterpinoids
1 Bisacurone Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, 116
2 4-Methoxy-5-hydroxy-bisabola-2,10-diene-9-one
Antileishmanial activity 116
3 Turmeronol Anti-inflammatory 117-118
4 Xanthorrhizol Anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic,antivenum, apoptosis,antiproliferative, antimicrobial,estrogenic, immunomodulatory
119-135
5 Zingiberene Anti-inflammatory, 136-137Carabrane type Sesquiterpinoids6 Curcumenone Hepatoprotective 1387 Curcumadione Antioxidant, hepatoprotective 137, 139Diphenylheptanoids7 bis-
DemethoxycurcuminAnti-cancer 140
8 Curcumin Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,anti-cancer, hepatic fibrosis in type2 diabetes mellitus, suppression ofcholesterol
58, 60, 140-149, 179-180
Germacrane type Sesquiterpinoids9 Curdione Anti- influenza, hepatoprotective,
platelet aggregation68, 150-152
10 Dehydrocurdione Anti-inflammatoryantiandrogenic
153-155
11 Furanodienone Anti-inflammatory, anticancer, 156-15912 Isofuranodienone Antimicrobial 13713 Glechomanolide Cytotoxic 137,139,160-
16114 Germacrone Antiplasmodial, anti-inflammatory,
antitumor, antiandrogenic,antimicrobial, cytotoxic, plateletderived growth factor inhibitor
162-165
15 (4S,5S)-Germacrone-4,5-epoxide
CYP3A4-Inihibition, p450-Inhibitor
160
16 Neocurdione Hepatoprotective 137,139,151,164-165
16
17 Zederone Anti-inflammatory, antivenum,antiendrogenic, anti-cancer
137, 153-154,156-157
18 Zederone epoxide Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant 137, 156Guaiane type Sesquiterpinoids19 Aerugidiol Anti- influenza, cytotoxic, liver
injury, inhibited protein tyrosinephosphatase 1B
68,137, 151,165-166, 177
20 Alismoxide Anti- influenza, antiallergic,anticomplementary activity,antiallergic
68, 137, 167-170
21 Curcumenol Anti- influenza, hepatoprotective,COX2 inhibitor, antiandrogenic,analgesic, antioxidant
68,151, 158,165, 171-173, 178
22 Epiprocurcumenol Anti-inflammatory, inhibited proteintyrosine phosphatase 1B
137,164,174-175, 177
23 Isocurcumenol Antiviral, antiandrogenic, plateletderived growth factor inhibitor
151, 153,156, 165,171
24 Isoprocurcumenol Antitumor 139, 16425 Procurcumadiol Antimicrobial 15326 Procurcumenol Radical scavenging 164, 17527 1α,8β-epidioxy-4α-
hydroxy-5αH-guai-7(11),9-dien-12,8-olide
Anti-influenza 68
28 Guai-1(10),5,7(11),8-tetradien-12,8-olide
Antioxidant 176
17
H
H
O
O
H
H
H
O
O
H
O
(E)-labda-8(17), 12-diene-15, 16-dial (E)-8b,17-Epoxylabd-12-ene-15,16-dial(Antibacterial32)
O
OH
OH
HO
OO
H
CH3
Heyneanone A(inhibited protein tyrosine phosphatase
1B177)
Curcumenone (Hepatoprotective138)
HO OH
R2OO
R1
HO OH
R2OO
R1
enol-form keto-form
1 R1=R2=OCH3(curcumin)2 R1=H, R2=OCH3 (demethoxycurcumin)3 R1=R2=H (bis-demethoxycurcumin)
H
O
O
HO
OO
HHO
1α,8β-epidioxy-4α-hydroxy-5αH-guai-7(11),9-dien-12,8-olide
(anti-influenza68)
Xanthorrhizol119-135
18
O
O
O
Zerumbone Dehydrocurdione
(anti-cancer109) (Antiinflammatory155)
O
O
CHO
OHH
H
O
O
CH3
H
OH
H
7-hydroxy hydichinal Spicatanoic
(cytotoxic89)
H
CHO
CHO
OH
O
OH
OH
OH
HO
O
7β-hydroxy-(E)-labda-8(17),12-diene-15,16-dial (Cytotoxicity86)
Kaempferol
Figure 1. Molecular structures of some of the bioactive compoundsof Zingiberaceae family
19
1.5. Conclusion
Zingiberaceae family is well-known for its medicinal and economic
significances. Many species are used as sources of indigenous medicines,
vegetables, food flavours, spices, dyes, condiments as well as ornamentals. This
family is widely known for its broad range of pharmacological activities. To
study on its compounds offers many opportunities to investigate the various
functions and prospects in various pharmaceutical studies. It becomes more
evident about its potential from the bioactivities reviewed above based on the
work of various researchers.
20
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