Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals...

21
Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? – terminology HCI Challenges change and functionality HCI Goals – usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance productivity and problems

Transcript of Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals...

Page 1: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

Chapter 1 Overview

• Why HCI?– terminology

• HCI Challenges– change and functionality

• HCI Goals– usability

• HCI landmark systems• HCI importance

– productivity and problems

Page 2: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

Why HCI?

• Shift from computers to people– expense vs ubiquity; wider range of “users”; larger market economics

• Terminology– user interface (Man-Machine Interface)

• those aspects of the system that the user comes in contact with; input language for user, output language for system, protocol for interaction

– Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) or Computer-Human Interaction (CHI)

• design, evaluation and implementation of interactive computing systems for human use and the study of the major phenomea surrounding them

Page 3: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

Visibility and Affordance: Key principles for good HCI

• Artifact– An object produced or shaped by human workmanship

– format of input and style of feedback affect the success with which any artifact is used

• Visibility– Controls need to be visible with good mapping for their effects

• Affordances– refers to the property of objects: what sorts of operations and

manipulations can be done to a particular object

Page 4: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

Affordances

• Does the design suggest that the door should be pushed or pulled? Aesthetics sometimes conflict with good affordances.

Page 5: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

HCI Challenges

• Keeping abreast of changes in technology to ensuring that their design offers good HCI and harnesses the increased functionality of the new technology

• Example: feature phones

• Example: VCR

Page 6: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

HCI Goals

• Usability– making systems easy to learn and easy to use

• Strive to– understand factors that determine how people use

technology

– develop tools and techniques to enable building suitable systems

– achieve efficient, effective, and safe interaction, both for the individual but also in groups

Page 7: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.
Page 8: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

HCI Evolution

• GUI: Graphical User Interface

• WYSIWYG: What You See Is What You Get

• Xerox PARC: Dynabook (Alan Kay, 1970’s); Alto (1970’s); Star (1980’s product)

• Apple: Lisa (1980’s); Macintosh• Also consider SketchPad (Sutherland 1963);

NLS/Augment (Engelbart 1960’s on)

Page 9: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

Benefits

• Word processing software (study in 1984)– improved turnover– greater flexibility– better use of staff

• IBM System installation– productivity improvement– customer satisfaction– $554.840 estimated net savings in a year

• DEC Application generator– 80% revenue increase; 30 to 60% over optimistic projections– improved usability (perceived by customers) and resulting increased

product sales

Page 10: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

Working Practices

• Technology-induced changes– Job content: who does what, when, how, and how much

– Personnel policies (e.g., confidentiality of information)

– Job satisfaction: motivation, control, financial and other rewards, learning new skills

– Power and influence: individual and group

– Working environment

Page 11: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

When Things Go Wrong

• See the RISKS digest– http://www.csl.sri.com/~risko/risks.txt– archives at ftp://ftp.sri.com/risks or

http://catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks

Page 12: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

Chapter 2 Overview

• HCI is interdisciplinary– Factors in HCI

– Disciplines contributing to HCI

• Conceptual model of HCI with four components– People, activities, the environment, technology

• HCI design– user centered, intergrates knowledge and expertise,

iterative

– evaluation

Page 13: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

Factors in HCI

Organizational Factors Environmental Factors

Health and SafetyFactors

The User Comfort Factors

User Interface

Task Factors

Constraints

System Functionality

Productivity Factors

Page 14: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

Disciplines contributing to HCI

• Computer Science

• Cognitive psychology

• Social and organizational psychology

• Linguistics

• Artificial Intelligence

• Philosophy, sociology, and anthropology

• Engineering and design

Page 15: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

Conceptual model of HCI: components

• People– one or more people

• Work– narrowly or broadly defined activities including tasks or more

loosely defined activities

• Environment– physical, organizational, and social aspects of the environment

• Technology– any technological artifact, including workstations and computers

Page 16: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

Model of HCILevel 3 Organizational goalSocial system

Technicalsystem

Level 2Work

ImmediateEnvironment

Level 1

People Technology

Broader environment

Page 17: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

HCI Model Components

Constant interplay among model componentsA task implicitly sets requirements for the development of artifacts, and the use of an artifact often redefines the task for which the artifact was originally developed. For example, typewriting altered office tasks, word processors altered them again, desktop publishing systems altered them still more. In each case, changed tasks themselves suggested new needs and opportunities for further change.

Page 18: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

Designing HCI

• Compare waterfall model of software design and user-centered HCI design model

• Waterfall model is a series of stages– Requirements analysis and definition

– System and software design

– Implementation and unit testing

– Integration and system testing

• HCI model is user-centered, intergrates different kinds of knowledge and expertise, iterative

Page 19: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

User centered

• Involves users

• But who are the users that need to be involved?– end users– other stakeholders

• How should users be involved?

Page 20: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

Intergrating different kinds of knowledge and expertise

• Sources of expertise– directly from a knowledge source– from tools developed by researchers and

consultants– from experts themselves

Page 21: Chapter 1 Overview Why HCI? –terminology HCI Challenges –change and functionality HCI Goals –usability HCI landmark systems HCI importance –productivity.

Making the design process iterative

Implementation Task analysis/functional analysis

Prototyping Evaluation Requirementsspecification

Conceptual design/formal design

The Star Life Cycle