Chapter 1 Overview [Compatibility Mode]

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Development Research Methods (DVS 512)

By

Tesfay Aregawi, Assistant Professor

Development Studies

Postgraduate ProgramDepartment of Management

College of Business and Economics

Mekelle University

October 2013Mekelle

Tesfay Aregawi, Assistant professor, Department

of Management, Mekelle University, October

2013 1

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Introduction

Growth and Development

Basic Concepts

Growth Versus Development Comparative Versus Competitive

Localization Versus Globalization



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Growth GDP

GNP/GNI

PCI



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DevelopmentCore values

Sustenance

Self-esteem and freedom



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Sustenance

the ability to meet basic needs

Life-sustaining basic human needs include food,shelter, health and protection

When any of these is absent or in critically shortsupply, a condition of “absolute underdevelopment”exists.

A basic function of all economic activity is overcomingthe helplessness and misery arising from a lack offood, shelter, health and protection



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Objectives of Development

Increasing the availability and widening of thedistribution of basic life-sustaining goods such as food,shelter, health and protection.

Raising the levels of living, including higher incomes,provision of more jobs, better education, greaterattention to culture and humanistic values.

Expanding the range of economic and social choicesavailable to individuals and nations by freeing them

from servitude and dependence.



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Sustainable development

Sustainability should favor conditions that benefit: the economy,

the society and

the environment without compromising the welfare offuture generations.

The concept of sustainability should address:

Social Equity

Economic efficiency Environmental responsibility



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Social equity .

favoring a distribution of resources among thecurrent generation based upon comparative levelsof productivity.

individuals or institutions are free to pursue the ventures of their choice and acquire the rewards

for the risk they take. Economic efficiency .

permitting higher levels of economic efficiency in termsof resource and labor usage.

focus on competitiveness, flexibility in production and

producing goods and services that supply a marketdemand.



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Environmental responsibility . Involves a "footprint" which is lesser than the capacity of

the environment to provide.

includes the supply of resources (food, water, energy,etc.), but with acceptable forms of wastes.



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What is Research?

What is Social Research?

What is Development Research?



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Man has been in search of knowledge since the beginning as acreature

The God ordered Adam ‘ you may eat from every tree in thegarden(Eden), but not from the tree of knowledge of good and

evil, for on the day that you eat from it you will certainly die.” After God created the woman(Eve), the serpent came across and

told the woman that God has forbidden them that he knows assoon as they eat it, their eyes will be opened and they will beknowing both good and evil. Finally, with her initiative they ateit and they knew good and evil.

Therefore the search knowledge has been human throughout allgenerations

The Quest of Human beings for

Knowledge and Reality

14

Tesfay Aregawi, Assistant Professor, MU, Training

on Research Designs, Aug. 2013








What is resear ch?

Information is power, the basis for decision making.

Organizations (pvt & gvt) use research for furnishinginformation continuously to improve their decisionsand performances

Research is derived from the word search preceded bythe prefix r e (re-search).

But avoid “reinventing the wheel".

Different scholars may define research differently.



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Continued

However, research may be defined as the

systematic and objective process of (planning),gathering, recording, analyzing and interpretingdata to prove or disprove a hypothesis (Zikmund,2000).

Im por t an t Po in t s in t h is def in i t ion

Research is a process

Research is systematic

Research is objective

Research is purposeful



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continued

Research is knowledge/Knowing the gap between what is happening and what we think to happen



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Activity 1.1:

Can research be used by all types oforganizations? Why or why not?



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……Objectives of ResearchTo determine the frequency with which something

occurs or with which it is associated with something

else (studies with this object in view are known asdiagnostic research studies);

To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known ashypothesis-testing research studies)



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1.3. Research Strategies and Designs :

1.3.1. Research Strategies: Quantitative Vs Qualitative

useful way of classifying methods of social research

two distinctive clusters of research strategies:quantitative and qualitative

these strategies differ in terms of their:

general orientation to social research

epistemological foundations

ontological basis

Tesfay Aregawi, Assistant professor,

Department of Management, Mekelle

University, October 2013 22








Quantitative Research

measurement of social variables

common research designs: surveys and experiments

numerical and statistical data

deductive theory testing

positivist epistemology

objectivist view of reality as external to social actors











Quantitative Research











Qualitative Research

understanding the subjective meanings held by actors(interpretivist epistemology)

common methods: interviews, ethnography

data are words, texts and stories

inductive approach: theory emerges from data

social constructionist ontology











Influences on the conduct of social research( Bryman, 2004)

Values personal beliefs or the feelings of researcher

all ‘preconceptions must be eradicated’ (Durkheim 1858)

affect every stage of research process

some advocate value-laden research: Becker (1967) sympathy with ‘underdog’

groups

feminist research encourages reciprocity

(Oakley 1981) and‘conscious partiality’ (Mies 1993)











Influences on the conduct of social research











Influences on the conduct of research

Practical considerations time

cost/funding available

how much prior literature exists (theory testing ortheory building?)

topic (deviant activities/sensitive issues may be moresuited to qualitative research)

all social research is a compromise between the idealand the feasible











1.4. Purposes & Classif ications of Research

On the basis of the purpose of research and the

methodology employed; the following are thecommon types of research

On the basis of the purpose of research and themethodology employed; the following are thecommon types of research

Basic or Pure Versus Applied Resear ch

Descript ive versus explanatory r esear ch

Exploratory or fo rmu la t i ve resear ch versus

Formal r esear chQua l i ta t i ve Versus Quan t i t a t i ve Resear ch











1.5. Development Research Defined

1.5.1. What is Development Research?

Development research is the systematic andobjective process of gathering , recording,and analyzing data

for aid in making rational decisions in

policy formulation, implementation, andevaluation; and tackling developmentproblems.











…..Development Research

research information is neither intuitive

nor haphazardly gathereddata to be collected and analyzed need to

be accurate, and the developmentresearch must be objective

The objective is to facilitate the rationaldecision-making

Research should be an aid to judgment,

not a substitute for it.











Development Research Continued

Social research, particularly development researchdeals with difficult topics such as human behavior,attitude, performance appraisal, ethics, etc thatdecision makers and policy makers often thinkthey already know a lot about, and

do not accept research findings that differ fromtheir opinions and suggestions.

Research minimizes the risk of making wrongdecisions, by providing information.



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1.5.2. Managerial Values of Social or

Development Research

"The secret of success is to know somethingnobody else knows.“ Aristotle Onassis

The Importance of research can be explained in the

four interrelated stages of decision making: Identifying problems or opportunities.

Diagnosis and assessment

Selecting and implementing a course of action.

Evaluating the course of action.











Identifying Problems and/or Opportunities

Before any strategy can be developed, it is importantto determine where it wants to go and how to getthere.

Used to conduct Situation analysis/SWOT

Diagnosis and Assessment

needed to gain insight about the underlyingfactors causing the situation

needed to explore, clarify, and refine the nature of theopportunity or problem.

May involve quantitative or qualitative investigations

Provides general information











Selecting & Implementing a Course of Action

Research provides specific information about eachalternative

Opportunities may be evaluated usingperformance criteria established through research

Facilitates implementation of a decision

Evaluating the Course of Action Used to evaluate a course of action implemented

deciosion makers use evaluation researchEvaluation research – formal and objective

Performance monitoring research – Regular and routineTotal Quality management – Customer driven Quality











When Research Should be Conducted

Factors for Consideration

Availability of tme Availability of data

Nature of the Decision

Benefits Vs Costs











Activity 1.4.

Identify any five topics or areas on which research canbe conducted in your respective organizations orlocalities

1._________________________________________

2._________________________________________

3._________________________________________

4._________________________________________

5._________________________________________











Data, Information, Research and Knowledge Management

Data – Raw facts, unprocessed facts, input

Information – Processed, ready for use indecision making, out put




Relevance Timeliness

Quality Completeness

Research helps to provider information

Knowledge management is a process to create an

inclusive, comprehensive, easily accessible organizational

memory, which is often called the organization's

intellectual capital.

The purpose of knowledge management is to organizethe 'intellectual capital' of an organization in a formally

structured way for easy use








1.6. Characteristics of a Good Research

(kothari 2004)

The purpose of the research, or the problem involved, should be clearly defined and sharplydelineated in terms as unambiguous as possible

The research procedures used should bedescribed in sufficient detail to permit anotherresearcher to repeat the research.

The procedural design of the research should becarefully planned to yield results that are as

objective as possible.











…..Characteristics of a Good Research

The researcher should report, withcomplete frankness , flaws in proceduraldesign and estimate their effect upon the findings.

Analysis of the data should be sufficiently

adequate to reveal its significance, and themethods of analysis used should beappropriate.

Conclusions should be confined to those justified by the data of the research andlimited to those for which the data providean adequate basis.











Hallmarks of Scientific Research

(Sakaran 2004)

Purposiveness

Increase employee commitment Less turnoover

Less absenteeism

Increased performance

Rigor Good theoretical base

Sound methodological design

Carefulness

Scrupulousness

Eg Only12 employees, bias



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Testability

Ways of enhancing employee commitment

should be testable using statistical tests T-test

Chi-square test

Z-test

Replicability

Influence of the independent variables shouldbe replicable

Findings are reflections of true state of affairs,not random chances



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Generalizability

Scope of applicability of the research findinngsin one organizational setting to otherorganizational settings

Adequate sample size

Clear and accurate sampling procedures

Applicability of findings across organizations Parsimony

Simplicity in explaining the phenomena orproblems that occur

E.g Use of one independent variable rather thanmany variables



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Observation

Identification ofproblem area

Theoretical framework ornetwork hypothesis

Hypothesis

Constructs concepts

Operational definitions

Research designData collection

Data analysis

Datainterpretation

Refinement of theory

(pure research) orImplementation

(Applied research



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Observation-

Determine whether there is a real problem

Problem identification –

preliminary data collection

Theoretical Framework

Conceptual model

Identifying all factors contributing to the problem

Hypothesis

Tentative proposition based on the data

Operational definition

Put in measurable terms



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Research design shows HOW to

collect further data,

Analyze and interpret them Provide an answer to the problem

Deduction – testing or

Induction – theory building



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