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Memmler’sThe Human Body in Health and Disease 

11th edition

Memmler’sThe Human Body in Health and Disease 

11th edition

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Organization of the HumanOrganization of the HumanBodyBody

Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & W ilkins

Studies of the Human BodyStudies of the Human BodyStudies of the Human BodyStudies of the Human Body

Understanding the normal body in terms of structural andfunctional organization and modeling the relationshipsbetween different parts is the basis for analyzing diseases.

• Anatomy

• Physiology

• Pathology

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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

• Chemicals

• Cells

• Tissues

• Organs

 

Body SystemsBody SystemsBody SystemsBody Systems

• Protection, support, and movement

– Integumentary

– Skeletal

– Muscular

• Coordination and control

– Nervous

– Endocrine

• Circulation

– Cardiovascular

– Lymphatic

• Nutrition and fluid balance 

– Respiratory

– Digestive

– Urinary

• Production of offspring

– Reproductive

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Metabolism and Its RegulationMetabolism and Its RegulationMetabolism and Its RegulationMetabolism and Its Regulation

Types of metabolism

• Catabolism

• Anabolism

HomeostasisHomeostasis

• Fluid balance

• Feedback

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positive

andnegative

feedback

PYY3–36, GLP-1 and oxyntomodulin(OXM) are released from gut L cellsafter a meal. They can directlystimulate anorectic pathways in theh othalamus and brainstem, and ma

Example: Gut hormones and the regulation of

energy homeostasis

also act through the vagus nerve.Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) isreleased from the pancreas after ameal and is thought to reduce appetiteby directly signalling to neurons in thebrainstem. Ghrelin is released from thestomach with fasting and might signaldirectly to the hypothalamus or throughthe vagus nerve to stimulate food

intake. The ARC is important inintegrating gut hormone energyhomeostasis signals. NPY/AgRPneurons and POMC neurons signal tothe PVN and other hypothalamic nucleito increase or decrease appetite,respectively. Green arrows indicateorexigenic signals and red arrowsindicate anorectic signals. Kevin G. Murphy and Stephen R. Bloom

Nature 444, 854-859(14 December 2006)

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Directions in the BodyDirections in the BodyDirections in the BodyDirections in the Body

Consistent terms are used to

designate position and direction toavoid awkwardness andinaccurac .

• Superior

• Ventral (anterior)

– Dorsal (posterior)

• Cranial

–

• Medial

– Lateral

• Proximal

– Distal

Planes of DivisionPlanes of Division

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Tissue SectionsTissue Sections

Body CavitiesBody CavitiesBody CavitiesBody Cavities

Internally, the body is divided into spaces, or cavities, thatcontain organs.

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The thoracic cavity

The nine regions of the abdomen

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Quadrants of theAbdomenQuadrants of theAbdomen

• Right upper

• Left upper

• Right lower

• Left lower

The Effectsof AgingThe Effectsof Aging

• Obvious

• Not visible

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The Metric SystemThe Metric SystemThe Metric SystemThe Metric System

Each multiple is indicated by a prefix.

• Kilo-

• Centi-

• Milli-

-

Units of LengthMeterKilometer

Units of LengthMeterKilometer

The Metric SystemThe Metric SystemThe Metric SystemThe Metric System

CentimeterMillimeter

Units of WeightGramKilogramMilligram

 

CentimeterMillimeter

Units of WeightGramKilogramMilligram

 LiterMilliliter

TemperatureCelsius (centigrade) scale

 LiterMilliliter

TemperatureCelsius (centigrade) scale