7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

1/64

Chapter 1ORGANIZATIONAND GENERALPLAN OF THEBODYOVERVIEW ANDTERMINOLOGY

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

2/64

SummaryDefinitionsOrganization of the human bodyMetabolism and Homeostasis

Negative feedbackPositive feedback

Anatomical position and descriptive

termsBody cavitiesPlanes and sections

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

3/64

DefinitionsPhysiology

Anatomy

Pathophysiology-

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

4/64

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONThe human body is organized intostructural and functional levels ofincreasing complexity.Each higher level incorporates thestructures and functions of the previouslevel.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

5/64

Organization of the HumanBody

Chemicals combine to form Cells , similar cells combine to form Tissues, two or more tissues combine toform an Organ, two or more work together asan

Organ system, all organ systems worktogether to support the Organism

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

6/64

Figure 1.1

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

7/64

Chemicals

Simplest chemical is an element, 20 are foundin the human body.Each element is composed of unique atoms.Atoms combine to form molecules andcompounds:

Inorganic usually simpleOrganic complex

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

8/64

ChemicalsMolecules & compounds combine toform macromolecules.Organic macromolecules in livingorganisms:

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

9/64

CellsSmallest living structural and functionalunits.Composed of organic macromolecules.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

10/64

TissuesGroups of cells with similar structureand function.4 basic groups:

Epithelial tissue Connective tissue

Muscle tissue -Nerve tissue

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

11/64

Organs2 or more tissues that combine to forma structure that performs a particularfunction. Examples -

HeartLungs

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

12/64

Organ SystemGroup of organs that all contribute to acertain body function.

Cardiovascular system

11 organ systems: study Table 1-1, p.7and Figure 1-2, pp. 8-9.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

13/64

Organ SystemsIntegumentary system:skin, subcutaneous tissueprotects us from chemicals, sun, and

pathogens.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

14/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

15/64

Skeletal system:bones and ligaments; protects internal

organs,provides framework for muscles, supports

the body.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

16/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

17/64

Muscular system:muscles and tendons;moves the skeleton, produces heat,moves blood and food.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

18/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

19/64

Nervous system:

brain, spinal cord, peripheralnerves, sensory organs;collects and interprets sensory

information, regulates body

functions.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

20/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

21/64

Endocrine system:glands,

produce hormones that regulate bodyfunctions.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

22/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

23/64

Circulatory system:heart, blood vessels and blood;transports oxygen and nutrients totissues.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

24/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

25/64

Lymphatic system:lymph glands and vessels;destroys pathogens and returns tissuefluid to circulatory system.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

26/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

27/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

28/64

Digestive system:stomach, intestines, liver, etc.;breaks down food into nutrients and

absorbs them into the blood stream.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

29/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

30/64

Urinary System:

kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra;removes waste products from theblood.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

31/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

32/64

Reproductive system:ovaries, testes, uterus, prostate gland;produces eggs or sperm, female provides

site for developing offspring.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

33/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

34/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

35/64

MetabolismSum of all chemical reactions andprocesses in the body.Collective nounIt is all of the chemical reactions andphysical processes that take place withinthe body.Includes growing, repairing reacting andreproducing

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

36/64

Metabolic rateThe speed at which the body producesenergy and heat

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

37/64

HomeostasisA state of relative stability within thebody despite changes in the external

and internal environment.

Maintenance Mechanisms:Negative feedback blood sugar andtemperature regulation.Positive feedback fever, blood clottingand labor.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

38/64

Negative FeedbackSequence:

Stimulus is

sensed

by a receptorReceptor relays information to a control

centerControl center evaluates and creates a plan

of action

Plan sent to effectorEffector eliminates the stimulus (corrects

problems)

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

39/64

Figure 1.4

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

40/64

Figure 1.5

Negative Feedback Temperature Control

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

41/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

42/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

43/64

Positive FeedbackSequence

Same as for negative feedback excepteffector does NOT eliminate the stimulus,it increases it.Requires an external

brake

.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

44/64

Anatomical Position andDescriptive Terms

Anatomical position: standing upright,facing forward, arms at the sides palms

facing forward, feet slightly apart.Table 1-2 Descriptive Terms and Table1-3 Terms of Location and Position***Know these terms and how to usethem for the quiz and test 1.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

45/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

46/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

47/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

48/64

Table 1.1.1

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

49/64

Table 1.1.2

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

50/64

Body Cavities andMembranes

2 major body cavitiesDorsal (posterior) cavity 2 sections

Cranial Vertebral or spinal

The two sections are continuous and linedby membranes called meninges.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

51/64

Body Cavities andMembranes

2 body cavities cont

dVentral (anterior) Cavity two major

compartments separated by thediaphragm.

Thoracic cavity

Abdominal cavity

Pelvic cavity

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

52/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

53/64

Body Cavities andMembranes

2 body cavities cont

dVentral (anterior) Cavity Membranes

Thoracic cavity:Parietal pleura lines the chest wall, visceralpleura covers the lungsVisceral pericardium covers the heart and theparietal pericardium lines the sac around the

heart.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

54/64

Body Cavities andMembranes

2 body cavities cont

dVentral (anterior) Cavity Membranes

Abdominal cavity:The peritoneum is a membrane the lines theabdominal wall and continues into the ...The mesentery covers the outer surfaces of theabdominal organs.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

55/64

Planes and SectionsUse: to describe internal anatomy,orientation points, increase visibility.

Plane: an imaginary flat surface thatseparates two portions of the body, fig1-6.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

56/64

Planes and SectionsSections: cuts in a body or organ orplane that make the structures more

easily visible.Frontal or coronal section separates thebody into front and back sections.Sagittal section separates the body into

right and left portions.Transverse section separates the bodyinto upper and lower sections.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

57/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

58/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

59/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

60/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

61/64

Areas of the AbdomenDivision into 4quadrants, fig 1-7

RUQLUQRLQ

LLQ

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

62/64

Areas of the Abdomen9 regions, fig 1-7

Upper areas: left

hypochondriac,epigastric, righthypochondriac.Middle areas: leftlumbar, umbilical,right lumbar.Lower areas: leftiliac, hypogastric,right iliac.

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

63/64

7/30/2019 Chapter 1 Organization and General Plan of The

64/64