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4/17/2018
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The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis:
War and Revolution
Chapter 25
p794
Chapter Timeline
p763
CHRONOLOGY The Road to World War I
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The
Road to
World War
One
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The 19th Century View of the
World
Eurocentric
Rule by the Empires
British
German (2nd Reich)
Austro-Hungarian (Hapsburg’s)
Russian (Romanov’s)
Ottoman Turks (“Sick Man of Europe”)
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19th Century Key Events
Napoleonic Wars
Nationalism and Revolution Strike Across Europe (1848)
Germany Emerges as a Major European Power (Franco-Prussian War)
Europe Industrializes (Britain Leads)
Germany is second to England while France falls behind
“Powder Keg of the Balkans Simmers
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Development of Alliances
(Defensive in Nature)
Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance
(E)ngland (A)ustria – Hungary
France Germany
Russia Italy
(Allies) vs. (Central Powers)8
End of World War One
Eurocentric → Emergence of
Bi-Polar Powers (US – Russia)
(Completed by the end of World War Two)
Rule by the Empires
British (Weakened)
German (2nd Reich) (Gone)
Austro-Hungarian (Hapsburgs) (Gone)
Russian (Gone – Communist)
Ottoman Turks (“Sick Man of Europe”) (Gone)
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• German Empire
Wilhelm II
• Ottoman Empire
• Austro-Hungarian Empire
Franz Joseph
• Russian Empire
Nicholas II
• British Empire
George V
• Czechoslovakia
• Poland
• Austria
• Hungary
• Yugoslavia
• Syria
• Iraq
• Jordan
• Lithuania
• Latvia
• Estonia
Root Causes of World War One
1. International Anarchy
Every nation can do what is pleased or dared.
There is no international government.
Nations could be lawless – armed quite well.
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Root Causes of World War One
2. Territorial Disputes
France – Prussia (Germany)
Italy – Austria-Hungary
Balkans – Austria / Russia / Turkey
(Bulgaria / Romania)
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Root Causes of World War One
3. Neo - Mercantilism
Government protection and promotion for business activities of citizens.
Protective tariffs.
Chinese Opium War (1839 – 1842)
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Root Causes of World War One
4. National Honor
Each nation – state should
be absolutely sovereign.
Each nation – state should
not submit to any form of outside control.
Duty to serve – fight for country
Extreme Patriotism
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Root Causes of World War One
5. Scientific Justification
of War
War is a good thing – victory of the strong countries over the weak
Survival of the fittest -- Darwin’s Theory
Kipling – “The White Man’s Burden”
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Root Causes of World War One
6. Militarism
Keeping large armies ready for war.
Prussia’s successes led to other nations to adopt systems of universal military training (Austria, France, Japan, Russia, Italy)
Believed that own army was for DEFENSE –neighbors army was for attack!
Root Causes of World War One
7. Navalism
Keeping large navies ready for war.
1905 – H.M.S. Dreadnought
Arms race launched for naval supremacy
Germany begins to build a fleet
Kiel Canal
Root Causes of World War One
8. Secret Diplomacy
Ministers and Ambassadors of various governments made secret agreements that were never made public.
Necessitated the need to fight not just their own wars but those of their allies.
Greater chance for war -- International crisis in 1905, 1908, 1911, 1912-1913
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Secret Diplomacy
Bismarck’s Diplomacy (1860’s – 1890’s)
Triple Alliance (1882)
Franco - Russian Alliance (1892)
Anglo - French Entente (1904)
Anglo – Russian Entente (1907)
Japan’s Position (Alliance with England)
Italy’s Position (Secret arrangements with France --Gain territory in Africa)
Maintain a Balance of Power in Europe ?
The Road to World War I
The Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and wife Sophia: June 28, 1914 German pledge of “full support” to Austria
The infamous “blank check”
Declarations of War (Alliance System Begins) Mobilization and ultimatums
Involving western powers: the Schlieffen Plan
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Sarajevo Room – Vienna Army Museum – July 2014
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Von Hohenberg Family Crypt
The Schlieffen Plan
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The
Invasion
The War 1914-1915: Illusions & Stalemate
Attitudes toward the Outbreak of War
Excitement and belief in quick victory
War in the West
Failure of the Schlieffen Plan
First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914
Life in the Trenches is Primitive!
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Start of the Western
Front at the
English Channel
Belgian
German
Start of the Albert Canal - 2010Nieuport, Belgium - 2010
English Channel / North Sea
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Last German Bunkers on the Western Front at the Swiss Border
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Some Notable Individuals of
World War One
Alphabetically Listed
See if you recognize the names!
Dr. Frederick BantingCanadian Medical Corps
Served with
Canadian Forces for
entire war.
Shared Nobel Prize
1924 for discovery
of Insulin
Died during WWII
service
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Lt. Col. Winston Churchill6th Royal Scots
After the failure at Gallipoli,
commanded an infantry unit
on the Western Front.
British statesmen & author
World War II Prime Minister
Nobel Prize, Literature, 1953
Dr. Marie Curie French Medical Service
Double Nobel Laureate
Pre-WWI.
Built and operated
mobile X-Ray units for
French Military
Hospitals which took
1.1million films.
Driver Walt DisneyRed Cross
Enlisted as 17yr. old
ambulance driver.
Pioneer in animated
films. Operated
highly successful
studio.
Expanded to theme
parks which are now
round the world.
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Pvt. Enzo Ferrari3rd Italian Mountain Artillery
Served in Trentino.
Mechanical talents were
wasted while he shoed
mules. Consigned to
hospital for the
incurably ill.
Became champion
driver then auto
designer. Adapted
Prancing Horse emblem
of Italian Ace Francesco
Baracca.
Dr. Alexander FlemingHospital 13, Wound Research Center
Scottish
Bacteriologist whose
war service furthered
interest in dealing
with infections.
Discoverer of
lysozyme (1922) &
penicillin (1928)28).
Shared Nobel Prize for
Medicine, 1945.
Driver Ernest HemingwayRed Cross
Volunteer to Italian
Front. Wounded on
Piave River, 1918.
Noted author
including A Farewell
to Arms.
Nobel Prize for
Literature
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Major Edwin Hubble86th Division, AEF
Commanded 2nd
Battalion, 343rd
Infantry Regiment
Notable Astronomer;
proved expanding
universe theory.
Namesake of Hubble
Space Telescope.
Lt. Georges Lemaître5th Charleroi Volunteers
Received Croix de Guerre
as Belgian Artillery
Officer.
Became priest and
astronomer who first
articulated the Big Bang
Theory of Cosmology
Lt. Harry Moseley 13th Division British Army
Discoverer of the
Atomic Number;
Greatest experi-
mental physicist of
20th Century.
Commissioned as
Signals officer.
Killed in Action at
Chanuk Bair,
Gallipoli, 1915.
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Sgt. Angelo Roncalli
Served as Medical
Corpsman at Mte.
Pasubio and Chaplain at
Bergamo Hospital.
Pope of 20th Century
who began the Second
Vatican CouncilII
Ecumenical Council.
(Pope St. John XXIII)
Medical Corps, Italian Army
Lt. J.R.R. Tolkien
11th Lancashire Fusiliers
Disabled by trench fever
after serving as
communications officer
during the Battle of the
Somme.
Creator of Middle Earth,
Hobbits and the Lord of
the Rings Cycle. Images
of Western Front
permeate writings.
Winnipeg (Winnie) BearWinnipeg Rifles
Winnie was Mascot for
the 2nd Canadian
Brigade. (1)
Became a favorite at
the London Zoo
including for A.E. Milne (2) and his son
Christopher Robin.
Inspired Milne’s
Winnie the Pooh. (3)
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Cpl. Adolph HitlerBavarian Reserve Infantry
Served on Western
Front as messenger,
mainly in Flanders.
Wounded & gassed;
received Iron Cross.
, 1933-1945; founder
Der Furher
Third Reich.
The start of the War was seen
with great excitement in Munich, Germany
20 July 2015
2 August 1914
100 hundred years later!
FeldHerrn Hall &
Theatine Church
World War One will begin a series of
“firsts” in modern warfare!
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The War 1914-1915: Illusions & Stalemate
Attitudes toward the Outbreak of War
Excitement and belief in quick victory
War in the West
Failure of the Schlieffen Plan
First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914
War in the East
Russian failures
Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914
Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914
Austria: initial failures followed by success
Galicia and Serbia
The Eastern Front, 1914–1918
Russia made early gains but then was pushed far back into its own territory by the German army. After the Bolsheviks seized power, they negotiated the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which extracted Russia from the war at the cost of substantial Russian territory
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Battle of Tannenberg
“Most Brilliantly Conducted
Campaign of World War One!”
The Southern Front, 1914–1918
Open a Supply
Route to Russia
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No progress made, casualties mount for both the Allies and the
Central Powers (Germans were present in limited numbers
throughout the campaign)
Allied withdrawal begins under cover of darkness on 7
December and continues until 20 December 1915, leaving only a
token force behind.
Last British soldiers gone by 9 January 1916.
Ottoman army unaware of the withdrawal. Incredibly: no Allied
casualties – two men injured at the end.
Vast quantities of supplies fall into the Turkish hands.
The Gallipoli Campaign is a failure!
The War 1916: the Great Slaughter
“No-Man’s Land”
Strategy for breaking the stalemate
“Softening up” the enemy with artillery, followed by an attempt to go “over the top”
Battle of Verdun: 750,000 casualties
Symbolic of the senseless of trench warfare
German General Falkenhayn
“Bleed the French White”
German Chief of Staff
Operational Goals
Deprive the British of the French as an ally.
Kill so many French that they will lose the will
to fight.
Selects a place that France will defend no
matter what will come.
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Verdun (Overview)
Part of a long line of fortifications on the Franco – German border established after the Franco – Prussian War of 1870 – 1871.
Begins 21 February 1916 -- Ends 16 December 1916 (Longest Battle of WWI!)
Nearly 2/3’s – ¾’s of entire French army will serve at Verdun!
Largest Fort Douaumont (falls 25 February) Smallest Fort Vaux (falls 7 June)
(Less than one mile apart!!)
Falkenhayn is relieved in June 1916 by the Kaiser
(ends up in Turkey by end of war)
Replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff
Hindenburg calls off the offensive after the British attack at
the Somme on 1 July 1916.
377,000 French killed or wounded (162,000 Dead)
337,000 Germans killed or wounded (100,000+ Dead)
Survivors likened the experience to “being condemned to
Hell”
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Ossuary of Douaumont
130,000 (French &
German) unidentified!
Cemetery of Douaumont
16,000 graves – largest in
France!
The War 1916: the Great Slaughter
“No-Man’s Land”
Strategy for breaking the stalemate
“Softening up” the enemy with artillery, followed by an attempt to go “over the top”
Battle of Verdun: 700,000 lost
Symbolic of the senseless of trench warfare
Battle of The Somme
1.4 Million Casualties – 57,000 British 1st Day Alone!
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The Battle of the Somme1 July – 18 November 1916
Attack Began 1 July 1916
•Intended to relieve pressure on Verdun
•British and French vs. the Germans
•First day of the battle was the most costly in terms of men in the history of British military actions!
1st Four Hours – 50,000 casualties!
•57,270 British casualties (Dead and Wounded) by the end of the day
Ends on 18 November 1916
•Pressure relieved from Verdun – Germans
forced to shift forces to the Somme area
Butte de
Warlencourt
Battle of the Somme in British Memory
NationalityTotal
casualties
Killed &
missingPrisoners
United
Kingdom350,000+ - -
Canada 24,029 - -
Australia 23,000 < 200
New Zealand 7,408 - -
South Africa 3,000+ - -
Newfoundland 2,000+ - -
Total British
Empire419,654 95,675 -
French 204,253 50,756 -
Total Allied 623,907* 146,431 -
Germany 465,000* 164,055 31,000
Net Result: Gain of between 6 – 15 miles of front
*actually thought to be higher!As many as 1.4 million casualties!!
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The War 1916: the Great Slaughter
“No-Man’s Land”
Strategy for breaking the stalemate
“Softening up” the enemy with artillery, followed by an attempt to go “over the top”
Battle of Verdun: 700,000 lost
Symbolic of the senseless of trench warfare
Battle of The Somme
1.4 Million Casualties – 57,000 British 1st Day Alone!
Battle of Jutland
Last Great Clash of Capital Ships
British navy much larger than the
German
England will blockade Germany
Germans will cut off the Baltic
supply route to Russia
Germans develop U-boats
Focus on British warships
Go after merchant ships going
into England
HMS
DreadnoughtBritish
Grand
Fleet
NY Tribune,
1 May 1915
7 May 1915
8 miles off coast of southern coast of Ireland
Violated German blockade around UK
Sank in 18 minutes
1198 lives lost
(413 of 702 Crew / 785 of 1257 Passengers)
128 Americans die
Years Later Determined that:
Carrying over 4 million Remington .303 Rounds
of Ammunition for British.
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Battle of Jutland – “Last great
clash of capital ships”
Naval war focuses on the North
Sea
German – British fleets
German goal – trap the British
fleet, sink with torpedo’s from
U-boats
A draw in the end
Both side suffer equal
losses
English continue to
blockade Germany
Germany continues to halt
aid to Russia.
74 German
ships
scuttled at
Scapa Flow
21 June
1919
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New Antagonists Entry of Ottoman Empire, Italy, and Bulgaria into
the war, 1914-1915
A Global Conflict Middle East
Lawrence of Arabia (1888 – 1935)
War in Africa and impact on Africans
Entry of the United States Undoing U.S. neutrality
Sinking of the Lusitania: May 7, 1915
Zimmermann Telegram
Unrestricted submarine warfare resumes: 1 February 1917
United States enters the war, April 6, 1917
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German foreign minister
Zimmerman to the German
Embassy in Mexico City
Released by the British
government to the United States
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Lenin and Trotsky
The Russian Revolution The coming of complete collapse, 1917
Autocratic rule under Nicholas II
Exposure of Russia’s ill-preparedness for war
Influence of Rasputin
The March Revolution Problems in Petrograd
March of the women, March 8, 1917
Calls for a general strike
Soldiers join the marchers
Provisional Government takes control (Kerensky) Emergence of the soviets
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
The expulsion and return of V. I. Lenin (1870 – 1924)
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The Bolshevik Revolution Bolshevik control
Creating a new Soviet government New social and economic policies
Peace: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Czar Nicholas II and Family are Killed by Bolsheviks
Civil war Bolshevik (Red) Army vs. Anti-Bolshevik (White) Army
Red Terror by the Cheka
Differences within the White Army
Communists and “war communism”
Invasion of allied troops (US, UK, Japanese, & Others)
Communist control of Russia
The Russian Revolution and Civil War
The Russian Civil War lasted from 1918 to 1921.
A variety of disparate groups, including victorious powers from World War I, sought to either overthrow the Bolsheviks or seize Russian territory.
Lack of cohesion among their enemies helped the Bolsheviks triumph, but at the cost of much hardship and bloodshed.
The Last Year of the War
Germany’s Final Gamble
Last German offensive, March-July, 1918
Allied counterattack Second Battle of the Marne, July 18, 1918
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Entry of the United States Undoing U.S. neutrality
Sinking of the Lusitania: May 7, 1915
Zimmermann Telegram Texas, New Mexico, Arizona
Invitation to Japan!
Unrestricted submarine warfare resumes: 1 February 1917
United States enters the war, April 6, 1917
St. Mihiel – September 1918
Meuse – Argonne – September – November 1918
11 November 1918 – 2.1 Million Americans in Europe!
The Last Year of the War
Abdication of William II, November 9, 1918
Republic established
Armistice, November 11, 1918
The Casualties of the War
The human cost: soldiers and civilians
A “lost generation” F.S. Fitzgerald
Armenian genocide 1 to 1.5 Million Christian Armenians Killed?
Help Russia (Christian) against Muslim Turks?
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Estimated population of nearly 2 million Armenians in Turkey in 1914.
Genocide killed between 1 – 1.5 million Armenians.
Armenian population of Turkey in 2011 is 70,000.
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World War I Statistics
28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918
Nine Million Soldiers Dead (All Countries)
(plus 11 Million Civilians) = 20 million DEAD!
37 Million Soldiers Wounded
6,046 Killed Each Day!
(1,566 Days)
In England – Six Million Men in the Army
(1 in 4 of Adult Male Population)
(1 in 8 would Die!)
In France – Draft Class of 1894
50% Dead by the end of the War!
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Revolutionary Upheavals in Germany and Austria-Hungary
Defeat and Political Revolution
Germany’s November Revolution and aftermath - Weimar Republic (1919 – 1933)
Socialist divisions: Social Democrats and German Communist Party
Failed Communist revolutions in Berlin and Munich Enduring fear of Communism
Nationalism and the end of Austria-Hungary
Agitation and national independence
The Peace Settlement
Peace Aims Divisions of interest at the Paris Peace
Conference Woodrow Wilson’s idealistic “Fourteen Points”
Pragmatism of other states Lloyd George’s determination to make Germany pay
Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his nation’s security
Fear of Bolshevik revolution
Domination by the Big Three (US / UK / FR / IT) The principle of the League of Nations adopted
The Treaty of Versailles
Provisions
Article 231: War Guilt Clause Admission of responsibility and payment of reparations
Reduction of military: army of 100,000
Loss of Alsace and Lorraine
Sections of Prussia to the new Polish state
German unhappiness: charges of a “dictated peace”
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The Treaty of Versailles
The three most important decision makers at the Paris Peace Conference,
Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George,
shortly after the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.
The Germans’ reaction to what they considereda harsh and unfair peace treaty
The Other Peace Treaties
Redrawing the Map of Eastern Europe Territorial changes
German and Russian losses, Romanian gains
New nation-states: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, and Yugoslavia
Minorities in every eastern European state
Ottoman Empire dismembered Promises of independence in the Middle East
Mandates
France – Lebanon and Syria
Britain – Iraq and Palestine
Attacks on the settlement and consequences
Europe in 1919
The victorious allies met to determine the shape and nature of postwar Europe.
At the urging of the American president Woodrow Wilson, the peace conference createdseveral new countries from the prewar territory of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Russia in an effort tosatisfy the nationalist aspirations of many former imperial subjects.