Chapter 1List the 8 characteristics of living things: Living things are made up of cells. Living things reproduce or make more of their own kind.Living things are based on a universal genetic code. Living things grow and develop .Living things obtain and use materials and energy. This is known as metabolism. Living things respond to their environment A stimuli is signal to which an organism responds. Living things maintain a constant internal environment. This is known as homeostasis.Taken as a group, living things change over time. This is called evolution.

Chapter 11.) What are the seven steps of the scientific method?• Make observations• Make a hypothesis• Set up a controlled experiment• Collect data• Analyze data• Draw a conclusion• Peer review

Chapter 1

2.) What is a bias? Provide an example.• Bias= particular preference / point of view• Example: I like short people

Chapter 1

3.) What is a peer-review? Can peer-reviews be biased? If so, why or why not?• Peer review = way to share ideas/scientific

work so other scientists can test & evaluate each other’s work

• Peer review should not be biased because they would not prove anything

Chapter 1

4.) What is a hypothesis? Provide an example.Hypothesis = scientific explanation for a set of observationsExample: Trees need water to grow

Chapter 1

#5) List & describe the two groups within a controlled experiment. 1.Control group - exposed to same conditions as experimental group EXCEPT independent variable2. Experimental group - exposed to the independent variable (1 thing is deliberately changed)

Chaper 1

6.) What is the difference between the independent & dependent variables?1. Independent variable- deliberated changed by experimenter2. Dependent variable – variable that is observed & changes in response to independent variable

Chapter 1

7.) What is data? Information gathered Explain the difference between quantitative & qualitative data?• Quantitative – numerical data (2cm)• Qualitative – non-numerical data like shape,

color, etc (green & round)

Chapter 1

8. Why is peer review so important when new scientific discoveries are published?• To make sure there is NO bias

Chapter 1

#9) Define a theory and provide an example:Theory= well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations & hypotheses; can revise if neededExample: Big Bang Theory

Chapter 2

Carbon Compounds or organic Macromolecules

 

Categories

 

Carbohydrates

 

lipds

 

Nucleic Acids

 

Proteins

 

Simple Name

 

sugars & starches

 

Fats & Oils

 

Nucleic AcidsProteins

 

Monomer or

Building Block

Mono saccharides

example: glucose

Gycerol & fatty acids

acidsnucleotides Amino acids

 

Polymer

Polysaccharide

Examples: glycogen

in animals or starch

in plants

Lipids

 

Nucleic Acids

Examples DNA&

RNA

Proteins

Main job in

living things

Main source of

energy in living

things

Used to store energy

Form cell membrane

(lipid bilayer)

Store & transmit

genetic info & make

proteins

Control rate of

chemicals reactions

(enzymes); Form

bone & muscles;

Transport substance

in/out of cells; Fight

disease(antibodies)

Chapter 2

1.) Name and define the 3 sub-particles of an atom:1. Proton: positive (+) charge in nucleus2. Neutron: neutral charge in nucleus3. Electron: negative (-) charge outside nucleus

Chapter 22.) Define and give an example of an acid and base• Acid – substance that forms H+ ions in

solution, < 7; stomach acid• Base- substance that forms OH- ions in

solution; >7; oven cleaner• Label the pH range for: acid: <7 base:

>7 neutral substance: 7.0 (water)

Chapter 2

3.) In chemical reactions, atoms are neither created nor destroyed. Instead, they are rearranged or assembled in a new way. The chemicals/compounds entering the chemical reaction are called reactants while the chemicals/compounds produced are called products.

Chapter 2

4.) Label the following chemical equation to show products & reactants.

2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2

Reactants Products

Chapter 25.)What type of energy is needed to get a chemical reaction started? Activation energy

6.)A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction is called a catalyst. They work by lowering a reaction’s activation energy. Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.

Chapter 121.) Frederick Griffith was a scientist who showed that one strain of bacteria could permanently change to another strain by a process called transformation

Chapter 12

1.) Avery repeated Griffith’s work to conclude that DNA was the transforming factor. The monomer of DNA is called a nucleotide_ and consist of three basic parts: 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The types of bases found in DNA include adenine, thymine, guanine, & cytosine.

Chapter 122-3.)What does the entire figure represent? DNA What does the “X” in the figure represent? nucleotide

Chapter 124.) Explain Chargaff’s base pairing rules. For example if a sample consists of 29 % of guanine (G) bases complete the following: 29 % cytosine (C), 21 % adenine (A), 21 % thymine (T)

Chapter 125.)Explain the steps of replication- make sure to include the name and function of each enzyme. • DNA Helicase unwinds & unzips

DNA• DNA polymerase matches up

complementary DNA nucleotides to both sides of the DNA strands in opposite directions until both sides are copied

Chapter 13

• Compare and contrast nitrogen bases and the backbone of DNA and RNA.

DNABase: ThymineDouble strandedDeoxyribose sugar

Bases:A, G, CNucleotides

RNABase: uracilSingle-strandedRibose sugar

Chapter 13

RNA Type Function(s)

 mRNA  carries DNA instructions for protein synthesis to ribosome

in cytoplasm rRNA  binding site for mRNA;

makes up ribosome

 tRNA  transfers correct amino acid to

ribosome

2.) Identify the 3 types of RNA and list the function of each.

Chapter 13

DNA Nucleotide RNA Nucleotide

   Draw same as DNA nucleotide EXCEPT name of sugar is ribose sugar

3.) Draw and label the parts of RNA and DNA nucleotides.

Chapter 13

4. Explain (does not mean a list!) the 3 steps of transcription- make sure to include the name and function of each enzyme. (Diagrams are helpful!)

• RNA polymerase unzips DNA• One side of DNA serves as a

template to copy onto mRNA• Same enzyme matches

complementary RNA nucleotides starting at a promotor & ending at terminator

• mRNA detaches & leave thru a nuclear pore

Chapter 135. )Describe the 3 steps of translation using all 3 (RNA’s) mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. Identify the start codon, stop codon and include 6 different amino acids in between

Chapter 135)Describe the 3 steps of translation using all 3 (RNA’s) mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. Identify the start codon, stop codon and include 6 different amino acids in between

• mRNA atart codon binds to a ribosome• tRNA with a complementary anticodon brings amino acid to ribsome• Process repeats until stop codon is reached• Amino acids connect to form a polypeptide chain/protein

Chapter 13Identify each component based on the figure above. Strand A- Template/sense strand  Strand B- Nonsense strand  Segment C- Nucleotide  Process X- Transcription  Process Y-Translation  Strand D- mRNA  E segment- start codon 

F segment- codon

Chapter 13

State 3 types of mutations for each, including an illustration.

Gene mutations

Chapter 13

Chromosome mutations