Chapter 1 Introtonutrition
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Transcript of Chapter 1 Introtonutrition
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An Overview of Nutrition
BIOL310-Nutrition
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Nutrition in Your Life
• Nutrition– The science of foods and the
substances they contain
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Nutrition in Your Life
• Food– Derived from plant or animal
sources•Provide energy and nutrients
–Used by the body for maintenance, growth, and repair
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Nutrition in Your Life
• Diet– The foods one consumes
•The quality of which affects the risk of chronic diseases
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Food Choices
• Personal preference• Habit• Ethnic heritage or tradition• Social interactions• Availability, convenience, economy
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Food Choices
• Positive and negative associations• Emotional comfort• Values• Body weight and image
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Food Choices
• Nutrition and health benefits– Functional foods
•Provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions
•Ex. Whole foods, fortified foods
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The Nutrients
• Energy defined
• Nutrient defined
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The Nutrients
• Composition of foods– Six classes of nutrients– Nonnutrients
• Chemical composition of nutrients– Inorganic vs. Organic nutrients
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The Nutrients
• Inorganic nutrients– Minerals– Water
• Chemical composition of nutrients– Inorganic vs. Organic nutrients
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The Nutrients
• Organic nutrients– Carbohydrates– Lipids– Proteins– Vitamins
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The Nutrients
• Essential nutrients• Macronutrients vs. micronutrients
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson LearningCopyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Energy-Yielding Nutrients
• Calories and kilocalories• Energy from foods
– Energy density
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Energy Density
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Energy-Yielding Nutrients
• Energy in the body– Energy for activity– Stored energy
• Other roles of energy-yielding nutrients
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Vitamins
• Organic• Not energy-yielding• Essential• Water-soluble vs. fat-soluble• Vulnerable to destruction
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Minerals
• Inorganic• Not energy-yielding• Essential• Indestructible
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Water
• Inorganic• Not energy-yielding• Essential
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The Science of Nutrition
• Human genome• Nutritional genomics
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Nutrition Research
• The Scientific Method– Hypothesis vs. Theory– Experimental group vs. control
group– Randomization– Sample size
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Nutrition Research
• The Scientific Method– Epidemiological studies– Laboratory-based studies– Human intervention or clinical
trials
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Nutrition Research
• The Scientific Method– Placebo effect
•Blind experiment•Double-blind experiment
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Nutrition Research
• The Scientific Method– Correlations and causes
•Positive correlation vs. negative correlation
•Replication– Peer review
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Nutrition Research
• Research Vs. Rumors– Scientific validity
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Dietary Reference Intakes
• Estimated Average Requirements• Recommended Dietary Allowances• Adequate Intakes• Tolerable Upper Limits
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Energy Recommendations
• Estimated Energy Requirement• Acceptable Macronutrient
Distribution Ranges– Carbohydrate: 45% - 65%– Fat: 20% - 35%– Protein: 10% - 35%
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Using Nutrient Recommendations
• Estimates of energy & nutrient intakes apply to healthy people
• Recommendations are NOT minimum requirements
• Recommendations are NOT optimal for all people
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Using Nutrient Recommendations
• Recommendations should be met by consuming a varied diet
• Recommendations apply to average daily intakes
• Each DRI category serves a unique purpose
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Comparing Nutrient Recommendations
• U.S. & Canada: DRI Committee
• International: FAO and WHO
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Nutrition Assessment
• Malnutrition– Undernutrition vs. overnutrition
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Nutrition Assessment of
Individuals
• Historical information• Anthropometric data• Physical examination• Laboratory tests
Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson LearningCopyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
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Nutrition Assessment of Individuals
• Primary deficiency vs. secondary deficiency
• Overt symptoms • Subclinical deficiency
– Covert symptoms
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Nutrition Assessment of Populations
• National nutrition surveys• National health goals
– Healthy People 2000– Healthy People 2010
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Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases
• Risk factors persists• Risk factors cluster• Risk factors in perspective
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Nutrition Information and Misinformation
• Not everything on the Internet is true!!– Determination of the reliability of
a website• Not everything on the news is
accurately reported!!
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Nutrition Information and Misinformation
• American Dietetic Association (ADA)• Registered dietitian (RD)• Dietetic technician, registered (DTR)
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Nutrition Information and Misinformation
• Finding credible information– Government health agencies– Volunteer health agencies
reputable consumer groups– Reputable consumer groups
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Nutrition Information and Misinformation
• Finding credible information– Professional health organizations– Professional journals
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Questions or Thoughts
• If you have any questions please feel free to post them in the Discussion Forum or e-mail your instructor