Chapter 1 (Introduction to Wireless)

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1 - 1October, 1997 Technical Introduction to Wireless -- 102 v1.0 - (c) 1997 Scott Baxter

A Technical Introductionto Wireless

A Technical Introductionto Wireless


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Wireless Systems:History of Radio and Wireless Telephony

Wireless Systems:History of Radio and Wireless Telephony

A Technical Introduction to Wireless

Chapter 1

MTS,

IMTS


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How Did We Get Here?

Days before radio.....

1680 Newton first suggestedconcept of spectrum, but forvisible light only

1831 Faraday demonstrated thatlight, electricity, and magnetismare related

1864 Maxwells Equations:

spectrum includes more than light 1890s First successful demos of

radio transmission

UN S

LF HF VHF UHF MW IR UV XRAY


4/131 - 4October, 1997 Technical Introduction to Wireless -- 102 v1.0 - (c) 1997 Scott Baxter

Telegraphy

I

Samuel F.B. Morse had the idea of the telegraph on asea cruise in the 1833. He studied physics for two years,and In 1835 demonstrated a working prototype, which hepatented in 1837.

I Derivatives of Morse binary code are still in use today

I The US Congress funded a demonstration line fromWashington to Baltimore, completed in 1844.

I 1844: the first commercial telegraph circuits were cominginto use. The railroads soon were using them for traindispatching, and the Western Union company resold idle

time on railroad circuits for public telegrams, nationwideI 1857: first trans-Atlantic submarine cable was installed

Samuel F. B. Morseat the peak of his career

Field Telegraphyduring the US Civil War, 1860s

Submarine Cable Installationnews sketch from the 1850s



Telephony

I By the 1870s, the telegraph was in use all over the world and largely taken forgranted by the public, government, and business.

I In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a device for carryingactual voices over wires.

I Initial telephone demonstrations sparked intense public interest and by the late

1890s, telephone service was available in most towns and cities across the USA

Telephone Line Installation Crew1880s

Alexander Graham Bell and his phonefrom 1876 demonstration



Radio Milestones

I 1888: Heinrich Hertz, German physicist, gives lab demo ofexistance of electromagnetic waves at radio frequencies

I 1895: Guglielmo Marconi demonstrates a wireless radiotelegraph over a 3-km path near his home it Italy

I 1897: the British fund Marconis development of reliable

radio telegraphy over ranges of 100 kMI 1902: Marconis successful trans-Atlantic demonstration

I 1902: Nathan Stubblefield demonstrates voice over radio

I 1906: Lee De Forest invents audion, triode vacuum tube

feasible now to make steady carriers, and to amplify signals

I 1914: Radio became valuable military tool in World War I

I 1920s: Radio used for commercial broadcasting

I 1940s: first application of RADAR - English detection ofincoming German planes during WW II

I 1950s: first public marriage of radio and telephony - MTS,Mobile Telephone System

I 1961: transistor developed: portable radio now practical

I 1961: IMTS - Improved Mobile Telephone Service

I 1970s: Integrated circuit progress: MSI, LSI, VLSI, ASICsI 1979, 1983: AMPS cellular demo, commercial deployment

Guglielmo Marconiradio pioneer, 1895

Lee De Forest

vacuum tube inventor

MTS,

IMTS



I In the late 1970s, the FCC (USA Federal Communications Commission)and the Canadian government allocated 40 MHz. of spectrum in the 800MHz. range for public mobile telephony.

I FCC adopted Bell Labs AMPS (Advanced

Mobile Phone System) standard, creatingcellular as we know it today

The USA was divided into 333 MSAs(Metropolitan Service Areas) and over

300 RSAs (Rural Service Areas)

I By 1990, all MSAs and RSAs had competing licenses granted and atleast one system operating. Canadian markets also developed.

I In 1987, the FCC allocated 10 mHz. of expanded spectrum

I

In the 1990s, additional technologies were developed for cellular TDMA (IS-54,55,56, IS-136) (also, GSM in Europe/worldwide)

CDMA (IS-95)

I US Operators did not pay for their spectrum, although processing fees

(typically $10,000s) were charged to cover license administrative cost

Development of North American Cellular



I By 1994, US cellular systems were seriouslyoverloaded and looking for capacity relief

The FCC allocated 120 MHz. of spectrumaround 1900 MHz. for new wireless telephonyknown as PCS (Personal CommunicationsSystems), and 20 MHz. for unlicensed services

allocation was divided into 6 blocks; 10-yearlicenses were auctioned to highest bidders

Development of North America PCS

51 MTAs

493 BTAsI PCS Licensing and Auction Details

A & B spectrum blocks licensed in 51 MTAs (Major Trading Areas ) Revenue from auction: $7.2 billion (1995)

C, D, E, F blocks were licensed in 493 BTAs (Basic Trading Areas)

C-block auction revenue: $10.2 B, D-E-F block auction: $2+ B (1996)

Auction winners are free to choose any desired technology

A D B E F Cunlic.

data

unlic.

voiceA D B E F C

1850MHz.

1910MHz.

1990MHz.

1930MHz.

15 15 15 5 5 5 15 15 15 5 5 5

PCS SPECTRUM ALLOCATIONS IN NORTH AMERICA



Major PCS Auction Winners

The Largest Players, Areas, and TechnologiesI Sprint PCS

Partnership of Sprint, TCI, Cox Cable

Bid & won in 2/3 of US markets A or B blocks

Sprint itself has D and/or E blocks in remaining

markets CDMA: Mix of Nortel, Lucent, Motorola

I AT&T Wireless Systems

Bid & won a majority of markets in A&B Blocks

will combine and integrate service between its newPCS 1900 systems and its former McCaw cellular800 MHz. properties

IS-136: mix of Lucent and Ericsson equipment

I Primeco

Partnership of Airtouch, US West, Bell Atlantic,

CDMA: Mix of Motorola, Lucent networks

I GSM Operators

Western Wireless, OmniPoint, BellSouth, GTE,Powertel, Pacific Bell

Mix of Ericsson, Nokia, and Nortel networksI For complete information, check www.fcc.gov

Sprint PCSCDMA

AT&T WirelessIS-136

PrimecoCDMA

WesternWireless

PacificBell

Powertel

BellSouth

OmniPoint

Aerial

GSM


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Canadian WirelessTechnologies, Manufacturers, and Operators

AMPS

TDMA

Rogers CantelAMPS

TDMA

Nova

Scotia

New

Brunswick

Newfound-

landQuebecOntarioManitoba

Saskatch-

ewanAlberta

British

Columbia

?IS-136

Clearnet PCSCDMA

CDMA

Microcell FIDOGSM

Clearnet MIKEIDEN

Tech-

nologyGeographic Area

Nortel

Ericsson

?

Lucent

Nortel

Ericsson

Motorola

NetworkManu-

facturer

800 B

800 A

1900

1900

1900

1900

900

FrequencyBand,

MHz

Mobilink Canada



Summary of Radio Technology Development

Progress in Radio Communications

RADAR

Spark Vacuum

Tubes

Discrete

Transistors

MSI

LSI

VLSI,

ASICS

Devices

Modulation CW AM FMFSK PM PSK QAM DQPSK GMSK

Radio Communication Systems

Mobile Telephony30-50MHz150MHz

450MHz

800MHz1900MHz

AM Bcst1MHz FM Bcst100MHzVHF-TV Bcst

UHF-TV Bcst

HFAmateurMarine

Military

VHFLand Mobile

MicrowavePoint-to-Point

MicrowaveSatellite

1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Time


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Trends in Radio Communications

Time

Cost

Complexity

Capacity

Radio Frequency

Analog Digital

Centralized Distributed

Technology:

SystemOrganization:

Summary: Wireless Economics and Logistics

Chapter 1 (Introduction to Wireless)

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