The Work of Gregor Mendel. Genetics Genetics – study of heredity.
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Study of Genetics (1)
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Introduction to
Genetics
© 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc.
the branch of biology concernedwith the study of heredity and
variation
ha!ter 1
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"istory of Genetics
© 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc.
1#00$1%50& 'he (awn of )odern *iology
+illia "arvey& Theory of epigenesis• -tructures such as body organs
• are not initially !resent in the early ebryo• are fored later
1%0& -chleiden and -chwann& The cell theory• /ll organiss are co!osed of basic
structuralunits called cells
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'he rigin of -!ecies
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• 1%5& (arwin !ublished his ideas on thetheory of evolution in The Origin of Species
• Descent with modification• Eisting s!ecies arose fro other ancestral s!ecies
• Natural selection• 'he echanis for evolutionary change
• Theory of evolution•
Inde!endently !ro!osed by /lfred 3ussel +allace
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• 1%##& )endel !ublishes his findings
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•
)endel wor4ed with !eas and useduantitative data to su!!ort his ideas• 'raits are !assed fro generation to
generation
•
'ransission of genetic inforation fro!arents to offs!ring
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)itosis and )eiosis
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• Mitosis• hroosoes are co!ied and distributed• 'he two resulting daughter cells each receive a
diploid set
• Meiosis•
hroosoes are co!ied and distributed• 3esulting cells 6gaetes7 receive a ha!loid set
of chroosoes
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hroosoal 'heory
of Inheritance
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• Inherited traits are controlled by genesresiding on chroosoes
• Genes are transitted through gaetes• )aintains genetic continuity fro generation to
generation
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Genetic 8ariation
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• Alleles• )utations !roduce alleles of a gene• 'he source of genetic variation
• Genotype• 'he set of alleles for a given trait
• Phenotype• E!ression of the genoty!e• Produces an observable trait or !henoty!e
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(9/ Is the arrier of
Genetic Inforation
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• (9/ is the carrier of genetic inforation• 9ot !rotein• 3esearch of /very, )ac:eod, and )carty
• In 1;;, !ublished e!erients showing (9/ wascarrier of genetic inforation in bacteria
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© 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 1-7
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-tructure of (9/
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• (9/ is• anti!arallel• double
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-tructure of 39/
© 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc.
• 39/ is siilar to (9/, ece!t that• it is usually single
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'he entral (ogaof )olecular
Genetics
•
(9/ is transcribed to39/
• 39/ is translated into
!rotein
© 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc.
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'he Genetic ode
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• #odons• 'ri!let nucleotides !resent in 39/• 'he genetic code
• Each tri!let encodes for insertion of as!ecific aino acid into a growing !rotein
chain
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Proteins
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• Proteins are the end !roduct of genee!ression
• Protein action or location in a cell !roduces!henoty!e6s7
•
(iversity of !roteins• 20 different aino acids• 9uerous cobinations of these 20
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3ecobinant (9/ 'echnology
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3estriction En>yes
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• 1?0s& researchers discovered thatrestriction en>yes in bacteria cut viral(9/ at s!ecific sites
• 3estriction en>yes allowed the advent ofrecobinant (9/ and cloning
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© 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 1-11
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*iotechnology
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• *iotechnology is now used in• health care• su!erar4et !roducts
• agriculture• court syste
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*iotechnology =sed in
/griculture
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• *iotechnology has been used for the genetic
odification of cro! !lants for• increased herbicide, insect, and viral resistance• nutritional enhanceent• water use reduction
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*iotechnology in Genetics
and )edicine
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• *iotechnologyed in !renatal diagnosis• 'ests for heritable disorders
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© 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 1-12
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Genoics, Proteoics, and
*ioinforatics
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• Genomics• -tudies the structure, function, and evolution of
genes and genoes
• Proteomics• Identifies a set of !roteins !resent in cells
under a given set of conditions• -tudies their functions and interactions
• $ioinformatics• =ses hardware and software for !rocessing
nucleotide and !rotein data
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oon rigin
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• /ll life has a coon origin
•
Genes with siilar functions in differentorganiss are siilar in structure and in(9/ seuence
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)odern /!!roaches to
=nderstanding Gene @unction
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• %everse genetics• (9/ seuence of a !articular gene of interest6GI7 is 4nown, but its function is not
• Gene &noc&out• /llows scientists to render genes nonfunctional
to investigate the !ossible role of that gene
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)odel rganiss =sed to
-tudy "uan (iseases
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• )odel organiss for genetic study eetthese criteria&
• Easy to grow• -hort life cycle• Produce any offs!ring• Genetic analysis is straightforward
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© 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Table 1.1
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)odel rganis& "istorical
and )odern• @irst generation of odel organiss&
son© 2015 PearEducation, Inc. Figure 1-13
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)odel rganis& "istorical
and )odern
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• )odern odel organiss&• 8iruses& ' !hages and labda !hages• *acteria& Escherichia coli
• Aeast& -accharo,yces cerevisiae
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© 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc. Figure 1.13
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'he /ge of Genetics
© 2015 PearsonEducation, Inc.
• 1%#5& )endel set the stage for the study ofgenetics
• Genetics ra!idly develo!ed fro )endelBs!eas to the "uan Genoe ProCect
• 1#2& 9obel Pri>e awarded to +atson, ric4,and +il4ins• 9uerous 9obel Pri>es have been awarded since
then in the field of genetics
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@uture of Genetics
© 2015 PearsonEd i I
• -ociety is faced with a host of sensitivegenetics