CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The art and craft of making articles from bell and brass metals are some of the

important traditional craft forms found in Assam. Both the metals are used to produce variety

of articles for utilitarian and aesthetic purposes. However, there is no authentic documentary

evidence regarding genesis of bell metal industry in this part of the country. Some historical

events and local legend reveals that the existence of bell metal industry in the state dates back

from the Mauryan Period (321 B.C. to 185 B.C.). However, written documents trace its

existence from 7th

century A.D., when Kumar Bhaskar Barman, king of Kamrupa, presented

a ‘Kangshapatra’ (a bell metal item) to king Harshabardhan of North India. It is believed that

a well known artisan from Sarthebari made the Kangshapatra. At present Sarthebari is one of

the important centres of this particular industry located in western Assam. However, history

does not support the idea that links Sarthebari with the Kangshapatra presented to

Harshbardhana. The family tree of the people of Sarthebari gives flickering idea that people

started to live in Sarthebari from 14th

century onwards (Deka, 1995). The bell metal artisans

of Sarthebari brought fame to the region by receiving awards from Kings during the Ahom

regime. In the Pre and Post Colonial period too, the British government, the government of

India and the state government of Assam conferred various awards to the artisans of bell

metal industry. Similarly, regarding the origin of brass metal industry too, no documentary

proof is there to be found. However, the period of settlement of Muslim Maria’s in Assam

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after the war at Kaliabar between General Turbak and Ahom soldiers in 1532 A.D. is

supposed to be the beginning of the brass metal industry in Assam (Das, 1999).

The products of bell and brass metal industries are considered as part and parcel of

Assamese culture. Every family tries to maintain those articles as marks of their cultural

identity. They are mostly used in religious rituals and marriage ceremonies. Bell and brass

metal products are given to brides as endowments. Besides the utilitarian household items,

some musical instruments and decorative items are also made from these metals.

Bell metal is an alloy of copper and tin. These two basic metals are mixed together at

the proportion of 78: 22 i.e. 78 per cent copper and 22 per cent tin to produce bell metal

(Tamuli, 2009). Late Bhabanath Bhuyan, an inhabitant of Sarthebari, introduced the art of

making bell metal from copper and tin at the said ratio (Deka, 1976). On the other hand,

brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. It is produced by mixing at the ratio of 70:30 i.e. 70 per

cent copper and 30 per cent zinc (Deka, 2010). Its yellowish colour resembles to gold.

However, the cost of raw materials is high, if produces from its virgin metals by the artisans.

The production process of raw material is also time consuming. Therefore, artisans generally

use old, decrepit bell (bhanga kanh) and sheets or circles of brass metal to produce new

articles. Charcoal and coke are used as fuel in bell and brass metal industries of Assam.

The bell and brass metal production units are operational in different parts of the

state. They are producing articles of similar nature applying different methods of production.

However, the products made of metal alloys are used for the similar utilitarian purposes. In

rural Assamese society, properties are assessed in terms of land, household orchard, living

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huts, ornaments and utensils. Off the movable properties, the metallic utensils and containers

are highly prized possessions since these are associated with owner’s social status. Besides

the common utensils like kahi, bati, bota, sarai, kalah, lota, ghoti, heta, chariya etc., various

containers for domestic as well as ritualistic use are made from bell and brass metal

industries. Some musical instruments like bell, taal, doba, barkanh etc. accompany rituals.

The well-to-do section of the society used to be the patrons of such metallic objects in

comparison to other low priced metallic products, because of its prestige value, durability,

quality and above all its material value even after breakage. Until recently next to gold and

silver ornaments, bell and brass metal articles are consider as the most valuable properties by

the Assamese society.

As a traditional form of craft, it still involves low levels of technology in the process

of production. The artisans of these industries work hard to run the tradition as well as to

sustain their livelihood in the changing socio-economic context of the society. Apart from it,

the areas having bell and brass metal tradition in the state are backward in respect of

agricultural production, transport and other allied services, which restrict the possibilities of

alternative livelihood for the artisans involved in this industry. The low literacy level, non-

availability of sufficient agricultural land, lack of working capital among the artisans also

some other negative factors influencing the growth and development of the traditional

cottage industry in the state. In the technical front, serious problems have raised out from

irregular and insufficient supply of raw materials. Dearth of charcoal and coke, the main

energy source for bell and brass metal industries create problems to the artisans. Apart from

these, the use of age-old implements, lack of improved working environment, spaces for

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storage and exhibition of the products are some other problems associated with garhsal

(workshop) management and marketing of products.

Due to the lack of proper marketing strategy, exports of bell and brass metal articles

to other states of our country are almost absent. Only some amount of products have been

exported to countries like Nepal, Bhutan, China and Myanmar (Deka and Saikia, 2009). On

the other hand, comparatively highly finished and low-priced hand and machines made bell

and brass metal articles from Moradabad, Kolkata, Punjab, Haryana, etc are gradually

intruding the domestic market. Under such circumstances, artisans of bell metal industry of

Raha (Nagaon District), Titabar (Jorhat District) and Dhekiajuli (Sonitpur District) had

already given up this traditional craft and engaged in other business.

The removal of licensing and market entry regulation since 1991, have given the

Indian economy a viable impetus. However, the products of cottage industries that produce

by using traditional equipments and human drudgery faces an uncertain competition posed by

the machine made products in this age of liberalized market environment (Verma, 2008). In

this changing market environment, the cottage form of bell and brass metal industries of

Assam requires a new understanding and a holistic strategy for their survival and

development. Even in its present state too, these two industries provide employment

opportunities for more than ten thousand workers at its various segments of operation.

Bell and brass metal industries needing traditional skill and technical knowledge can

not only provide opportunities for skilled artisans, but also contribute meaningfully in the

areas of conserving native culture. Therefore, the revival of these industries from the present

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condition is considered as an important issue in respect of both socio-economic and cultural

point of view. Considering the prospects of up-gradation of these industries through

streamlining artisans, products and market in the contemporary market scenario, the topic

entitled ‘Bell and Brass Metal Industries in Assam: Present Status and Prospects for

Development in the Changing Market Environment’ has been undertaken. The work tries to

unfold the problems relating to the industries and explores development prospects in respect

of socio-economic conditions of stakeholders directly or indirectly engaged in these

industries.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

Evaluation of the status of Bell and Brass metal industries in contemporary market

environment of Assam continue to be the main objective of the work. However, specific

objectives of the work are to:

(i) study the past and present status of Bell and Brass metal industries in Barpeta, Nalbari

and Kamrup Districts in detail along with minor centres located in the state;

(ii) asses the socio-economic conditions of the workers engaged in Bell and Brass metal

industries and analyze the implications of these industries on the socio-economic life of

the people involved therein;

(iii) analyze the institutional and organizational role in the growth and development of the

industry;

(iv) study the role and prospect of Bell and Brass Metal industries in the growth of

industrial sector of the state and

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(v) suggest measures for the development of these industries.

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

In the light of the objectives stated above, the study attempts to seek answers to the

following questions:

(i) How the Bell and Brass metal industries of Assam are localized and organized?

(ii) What is their contribution to the economic development of the state?

(iii) What is the present socio- economic status of the workers involved in the Bell and

Brass Metal industries of Assam and how their socio-economic conditions are being

influenced by these industries?

(iv) Is the institutional and organizational support effective in promoting the Bell and

Brass Metal industries in the state?

(v) How do these traditional industries face competitions from the present market

environment and what may be the possible strategies for their survival and

development?

1.4. REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS

Being a cottage form of industry that historically organized to perform basically to

meet the local needs, bell and brass metal industries of Assam suffers from various problems

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as it experienced globally by the small scale industrial sector. While studying the rural

business of oriental world in Javanese situation, Kristiansen (2002) found that the cottage

industries of local rural level in Indonesia can distinguished from urban modern

manufacturing by scale of productions, capital investment, labour absorption, lower level of

workers salary, low level of productivity, low purchasing power etc. Small-scale

entrepreneurs have limited access to information on markets, new technology and

development trends in production design and customer’s preferences at the national and

international level, as well as culture and preferences changing with globalization and free

media. The lack of information may be a more critical factor than that of rationality. In the

context of rapid changes and increasing competition, cottage industries would need improved

access and better skills to utilize information for their successful adaptations. The new

challenge to rural cottage industries in Indonesia arises from economic liberalization and

increased competition at national and international level. Liberalization and deregulation

create a great challenge for labour intensive small-scale cottage industries in rural area of

Indonesia. After the economic crisis (1990-98) however, small and medium enterprises might

have an important role to play in creating not only an alternative backbone for economic

growth, but also employment, equity, social justice and cultural identity.

Experience of occidental world on the small industrial sector can be cited from the

work of Kalantaridis and Labriandis (1999). They studied the rural industrial growth of

Polikastro-Peonia district of Greece and found formalized manner and former was the

preferred option among small-scale enterprises. The democratic system of local government

was responsible to the requirement of small-scale rural enterprises. The strategy for the

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development of these production units was the formation of hierarchical segments of work,

which translated in significant wage differences. The entrepreneurs of small scale industries

posses a small farm, which provides a useful source of supplementary income. While

referring to production process of industry, Leibenstein (1966) explain that in the long term

and under competitive products market conditions, farms can produce inefficiently, if that

does not threaten the survival of the farm by raising unit costs above competitive level. He

suggested keeping labour cost low in order to compensate for their relatively low level of

productivity.

While stating the Indian situation, Saith (2001) explain the role of rural and small-

scale industries in the development of country’s economy and found that these units of

production are employment friendly, environment friendly and hinterland friendly or simply

people friendly. He further expresses that rural industrialization has little chance of survival

in the face of modern capitalist industry. These rural farms are economically non-viable by

competition from urban, cheaper, preferred substitutes and the industrialization processes

clearly has been unable to fully absorb the displaced rural non- farm producers and the

workers into the new processes. Artisans of small and cottage industries are transformed to

raw labour power for the modern capitalist industrial sector.

So far, only a few detailed works has been carried out in understanding the status and

prospects of the small scale bell and brass metal industrial sector in Assam. While referring

the historical aspect of the industry, Choudhury (1966) mentioned that the state of Kamrupa

earned a good amount of foreign currency by exporting bell metal utensils during the

Medieval Period (1200-1800 A.D.). He further discusses that the work was seasonal by

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nature (six months only) and the workers earned a good amount of profit prior to the entry of

mahajan or intermediaries in the field of bell metal industry. In fact, in the past, artisans

maintained direct relation with customers and controlled the whole activities relating to the

industry. A pioneering investigation entitled ‘A Report on the Study of Brass Metal Industry,

Hajo’ was carried out by Cotton College Planning Forum in 1967, which focused on the

position of brass metal industry and found that the industry was traditional and hereditary

occupation practiced by the artisans (Das, 1999). Directorate of Evolution, Government of

Assam (1975) carried out a study entitled ‘Evolution Study on Bell Metal Industry in Assam’

and found that the units engaged in production processes are partnership basis normally

known as ‘ Kanhar-Bhaiga’ or ‘Ojha-Pali’ and they mutually decide to work under a

common working programme. The study revealed that the numbers of working units were

decreased from 250 to 150 during 1960-61 to 1973. The co-operative society associated with

the industry functioning in Assam from Sarthebari could not meet the aspiration of the

workers engaged in the industry. The poor workers are compelled to take loans from non-

government organization at a higher rate of interest to be used as working capital. Deka

(1976), mention about various aspects of bell metal industry, including its historical

background, especially at Sarthebari. He discusses about the establishment of ‘The Assam

Samabai Kanhar Sangha Limited’ at Sarthebari that established on 5 November 1933 under

the guidance of Late Kohiram Das and was assisted by his disciple Late Kandarpa Nath Deka

and many others. He also discusses about the business relation of bell metal products from

Sarthebari with Buddhist countries of Asia. Mali (1982) studied the problems of the industry

and found that bell metal articles are gradually replaced by stainless steel articles, which are

comparatively cheap and customers of lower income can buy them at ease. The problems

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associated with the industry are shortage of raw materials, primitive production technique,

high cost of production, lack of working capital, limited range of products, competition posed

by good looking colourful products of aluminium, glass, plastic and stainless steel etc. He

opined that modernization is the ultimate answer for revival, growth and development of this

craft.

Small Industries Extension Training Institute (SIETI, 1982) carried out a survey on

Handicrafts of Assam and found that both bell and brass metal industries are controlled

mainly by mahajans, local traders etc. The production process which is primitive involves

human drudgery and labour. The survey identifies some of the common problems related to

bell and brass metal industries, such as-shortage of working capital, lack of exhibiting and

sufficient working places of products, lack of modern tools and equipments and training to

the workers. Export of bell and brass metal articles to other states of India is also very

minimal. Apart from it, machine made products from other states like Punjab, Haryana, West

Bengal; Uttar Pradesh etc. create problems for indigenous products. The work also tries to

unfold other common problems relating to raw materials and fuel and working environment

for which educated young generation dislike these jobs. They found that traders-artisans link

is very strong and traders are in the directive position. Trading activity has not gone beyond

the level of local needs. Sharma (1985) studied the different aspects like nature of work, role

of management, marketing system of brass metal industry at Hajo and identified the

problems as seasonal nature of work, unsatisfactory role of co-operative societies in the

process of production, shortage of raw materials, inadequate market information, lack of

training facilities to artisans etc. He urges upon the establishment of industrial estate, raw

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material depot, museum for preservation of products, design and training centre near by the

place of production. Baishya (1986) in his work reveal that against the gradually decaying

and dying cottage form of industries, the small-scale industries in the district of Kamrup were

developing during 1970-71 to 1980-81. Bhuyan (1986) mention about the origin of bell metal

industry, dates back to 7th

century, and continued to survive at Sarthebari area of Assam. The

establishment of ‘The Asom Samabai Kanhar Sangha Limited’ increases the strength of the

industry and safe guarding it. Choudhury (1986) discusses about the glorious history of bell

metal industry at Sarthebari and observed critically that the artisan produces articles without

looking towards market and aspiration of customers. At the same time, the co-operative

society sales the products without the proper knowledge of fast changing fashion, choice of

the customers and sharp competition posed by the products from outside the state. He also

urges upon the early implication of the scheme for the development of bell metal industry,

submitted by The Assam Co-operative Bell Metal Utensils Manufacturing Society Limited

(ACBMUMSL) to the Department of Industries, Government of Assam. Deka (1986)

discusses the importance of cottage industries to maintain regional economic balance and

limit the labour migration from villages to towns and cities. Formerly, the job was seasonal

and the kanhars able to earn a good amount of profit even after six months working in a

year. He asked all the related section to take steps for the renovation of Common Facilities

Service Centre (CFSC), already exist at Sarthebari and phase wise shifting of garhsal as a

part of the process of modernization of the industry. Deka (1986) discusses about the

glorious fame brought by bell metal artisans of Sarthebari region and the people of this

region are proud for their achievement. He discussed about the marketing aspect of bell metal

articles and found that the kings of Kamrupa during Ahom rules earn a satisfactory foreign

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currency by exporting the products of bell metal industry. He expresses the need of

modernization of the industry to satisfy the choice of the customers and try to face the

challenges posed by good looking, cheap, machine made articles available in the market. He

explain that every aspects of bell metal industry was under the control of the artisans till the

introduction of railway line in the state and successively the Marowari and Bengali Mahajan

captured the business of bell metal articles. Over the years, ACBMUMSL played a very

weak role in supplying raw materials, i.e., only 6% in 1985-86. The shortage and high price

of charcoal creates problems to the artisans, as they have to bear this expenditure. He makes

suggestion to the workers through ACBMUMSL to produce light weighted, cheap articles

using modern scientific technique in the industry. The mutual efforts of artisans, workers of

ACBMUMSL and concern government departments can save the industry from its present

decaying conditions. Patowari (1986) in his study keenly observed the development of bell

metal industry from the pre-historic period. He explains the exploitative role of the non-

Assamese businesspersons coming to Assam, especially after First World War. These

mahajan were exploiting the innocent artisans by deducting some amount of making charge

in the name of ‘mulmorakanh’, ‘baltikanh’, ‘gadisatka’, ‘mithaikhowa’ etc. He also recalls

the persons who were devoted their services towards the establishment of ‘The Asom

Samabai Kanhar Sangha Limited’ (ASKSL).

Tamuli (1986) studied the bell metal industry from different angles and found that the

finished products were exported to outside the state, but the bhangakanh never back to the

production units which is one of the important causes of shortage of raw materials to the

industry. Under such circumstances, some of the artisans produce low quality articles that fail

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to keep the fame of the industry. Talukdar (1990) discusses about the bell metal industry at

Sarthebari and found that this craft has a glorious past. Kanhars from this locality were able

to convey the glory by receiving awards, gifts etc. Management and financial weakness of

co-operative society helps the mahajan, traders and aratdar to form vicious circle to exploit

the workers. He expect that the government be sanction loan to needy smithy owners,

renovation of CFSC already existed at Sarthebari, supply either bhangakanh or copper and

tin to the production units at a reasonable price to bring out them from the clutch of the

mahajan, traders, aratdar etc. To give viable impetus to the industry and attracts the new

generation, government should establish sale centre in and outside the state, implement the

scheme of Silpi Pension to deserving workers etc. Deka (1991) studied the different aspects

of brass metal industry at Hajo and found that the artisans have no control over the industry

and they get only the wages or making charges, which is not remunerative to them in many

respect. Deka (1992) studied the industrial finance to small-scale industries and found that

the North Eastern Region of India got less than two per cent of total incentives offered by the

financial institutions in India. Apart from it, lengthy official formalities and red tapism

involved in the process creates problems to entrepreneurs in availing incentives. She explains

that finance is the most important problem followed by infrastructure, raw materials and

marketing. Bondopadhyay (1993) observed that unusual delay in providing incentives to the

eligible entrepreneurs was a rule rather than an exception. He also noticed that sometimes

incentives were announced but with no implementation of subsequent follow-up measures.

Deka (1994) explain the Buddhist linkage of bell metal industry at Sarthebari. He

comments that Buddhist kanhar named Santhather reached the bank of the river Alpa during

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the Mauryan Period (321 B.C.-185 B.C.) in search of commercial area. Being captivated by

the place, he established a garhsal and a settlement as the base of the present Sarthebari. The

garhsal established by Sanhtather was the first of all in the locality and the settlement that

grew centring on that garhsal was the earliest settlement of the village Sarthebari. Deka

(1995) explain the glorious past of the bell metal industry of Assam, with special reference to

Sarthebari area. He ask the intellectual section of the society to find out the way by which the

traditional bell metal industry can further develop to survive in present market economy.

Deka (1995) studied the various aspects of brass metal industry in Sarukshetri Mauza of

Barpeta district. The industry is popular as Sarai Silpa in the locality. The industry was

initiated at about 1850 A. D. and scattered to a great number of villages of Sarukhsetri and

Paka Mauza. He identifies the problems related to this industry as- irregular and insufficient

supply of raw materials and energy, frequent change of price of raw materials along with low

making charge of products and shortage of working capital. He suggested for mutual co-

operation among the workers for common interest. Deka (1995) studied the problems of bell

metal industry and found that problems of the industry can categories as internal and

external. He pointed out that the products exported to Buddhist countries like Nepal, Bhutan,

Tibet, China etc. However, bhangakanh or pital never return from these countries to its

production units which added the problem of raw materials shortage to the industry. He

asked the artisans to keep in mind about quality of the products at the time of demanding

their wage or making charge at an increase rate. Deka (1995) in his book explain the meaning

of many local terms and terminologies related to the bell metal industry. This book can

regarded as grammar of bell metal industry. Deka (1995) discusses the historical

development of bell metal industry in Assam. He explain that the imitated bell metal and

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other good looking, colourful products available in the market, irregular supply of bell metal

scrap and charcoal stood as the stumbling block in the development of bell metal industry.

Hazarika (1995) found that cottage industries are more important for its employment

potentialities as these are more labour intensives than other sectors of industries. These units

serve to counter act seasonal unemployment in agriculture sector. He opined that to face the

challenges of the liberalized economic environment, there should be promotional expertise

and strategic planning for the growth and development of bell and brass metal industries of

Assam. Barthakur (1997) discusses about the impact of incentives on growth of small-scale

industries and found that the growth of large-scale industries itself alone cannot raise the

standard of living of the people in the country and solve the growing unemployment

problems. The small-scale industrial sector has been recognizing as an effective instrument

for development of backward rural and semi-urban areas. It lays foundation stone for future

development of big enterprises. Das (1999) studied the brass metal industry of Hajo and

found that before the settlement of Muslim Maria, there were kanhars among the Hindus of

Hajo. The Hindu artisans are known as kanhar and Maria are pital karikar.

Das (2001) discusses about the contribution of late Bapuram Das towards bell and

brass metal industries. Late Das realize the measurable suffering of Sarai Silpi. Accordingly,

he established “The Haldhibari Samabai Sarai Silpi Sangha” in 1948. After the

establishment of the sangha, artisans were easily able to receive raw materials from it and

return the finish products to the sangha. He started a stall at Jorhat named “Assam Bell

Metal House” in 1944 and another at Fancy Bazaar, Guwahati, the pioneer Assamese

business enterprise in the name of ‘Assam Kanh Silpar Pratistan’, in 1953. Deka (2001)

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explain the contribution of Late Bapuram Das towards the development of brass metal

industry at Baniakuchi. Late Das knew the art of handle the musical instruments made of bell

and brass metal. Talukdar (2001) discusses about the contribution of Late Bapuram Das of

Baniakuchi towards bell and brass metal industries and found that he tries hard for wide

circulation of indigenous products of bell and brass metal industries. To do so, he arranged

an exhibition stall at Annual Conference of Indian National Congress, held at Jalukbari in

1958. Reddy (2002) surveyed the different aspects of bell and brass metal industries of

Assam and stated that the artisans involved in both the industries should act mutually in

combating the global challenges. Sharma and Sinha (2003) carried out an investigation at

Hajo and found that poor economic condition compelled the artisans to produce brass metal

articles under the control of mahajan. They received a very nominal amount as making

charge. The Department of Geography, Bapujee College (2004) in its field survey found that

liberalized economic policies have worst impact on bell metal products. The causes of

backwardness of the industry is summarized as poor economic condition of the smithy

owner, irregular supply of raw materials, competition with machine made products,

replacement of bell metal articles by comparatively cheap aluminium, steel, plastic, products

etc. The work also unfolds the dearth of modern training of the artisans in the process of

production. Bora (2006) studied the historical development of brass metal industry in Assam

along with the distribution of Muslim Maria people related to the industry in the state and

their socio-economic status. Choudhury (2006) studied the problems and prospects of bell

metal industry of Saruksheri Block and found that the products of this industry is an integral

part of the cultural heritage of Assam and directly related to economic activities of the rural

peoples of Sarthebari and surrounding area. He suggested for mutual co-operation of the

17

workers of Government Departments related to industry, kanhars and workers of

ACBMUMSL, financial institutions, traders, mahajan, and aratdar for the development of

bell metal industry of this locality. Das (2006) studied the problems of brass metal industry

and found that liberalized economy has bad impact on the industry of Assam. Deka (2006) in

her work focused in folk cultural aspects relating to bell metal industry and expressed the

view that bell and brass metal industries of Sarthebari area is not only the way of livelihood

of the peoples engaged therein, but also it becomes a common culture to the area. Kalita

(2007) studied the brass metal industry of Hajo and found that the artisans engaged in this

industry are producing variety of brass metal articles as such- household utensils, religious

items, musical instruments, decorative items along with image of deer, elephants, horses,

bullock, parrot, eagle, lion, rhinoceros, peacock, tiger etc. However, the articles produced by

human drudgery are costly and less beautiful than machine made products. Talukdar (2007)

explain the historical development of brass metal industry in Assam, especially at Hajo from

1532 A. D. to end of the year 2007 and found that the skill of brass metal artisans transferred

from one generation to other. She expect the time bound and proper implementation of Chief

Minister’s Scheme of Incentives for the promotion of bell and brass metal industries of

Sarthebari and Hajo respectively.

Kalita (2008) in his work related to bell metal industry of Sarthebari area has

identified the problems associated with the industry as supply of raw materials, lack of

finance, indifference attitude of government, lack of marketing information etc. along with

unhygienic condition of garhsal. He suggested for early implementation of scheme,

submitted by ACBMUMSL to the government of Assam. Goswami (2009) studied the

different aspects of bell metal industry of Sarthebari during the period 1880 to 1947 and

18

found that the industry is in a bad shape with many problems associated with it. The less

bulky, better designed and cheap machine made articles along with products of stainless

steel, aluminium, plastic have changed the taste of present day customers resulting in decline

in the demand of traditional bell metal products. The problems become more acute from the

flooding of similar looking but inferior quality products that are sold in the name of

Sarthebari bell metal products. He urges upon the issue of ‘Trade Mark’ by the concern

government departments for Sarthebari products. Bhuyan (2010) studied the marketing

aspects of bell metal products and found that the positive role played by ACBMUMSL to

save the industry and workers from exploitation of mahajan, aratdar, traders etc. He asked

for political patronization of government to enlighten the bell metal industry in respect of

culture, economic foundation, social responsibility and livelihood of the workers engaged in

the industry. The participation of kanhars and traders in National and International Trade

Fair, Exhibition-Cum-Sale Programmes etc. in and outside the state helps in external

business of bell metal products. Some of the newly engaged workers produce low quality

articles and wants to get better return from it. These products stood in the way to others in the

consumer markets to get loss. Choudhury (2009) discuses about the impact of globalization

upon bell metal industry and found that the cottage industries of India were faced stiff

competition after the introduction of process of globalization in 1991 by our central

government. The chance to step up the bell metal industry is not ended, if the people related

to all section of the industry try hard to change their attitude towards globalization as positive

events. Artisans should try to produce less costly beautiful articles of new design that can

able to enter in the global market. Best use of the chances of Look East Policy of Central

Government, bell metal products may capture the market of South-East Asiatic Buddhist

19

countries and earn a good amount of foreign currency. Product diversification is necessary to

satisfy the present day customers. He suggested for opening a website in the name of

ACBMUMSL and sell its share in national and international market. Choudhury (2009)

expresses his experience as garhsikha in 1969 and subsequently as a cooker of kanharsal

shifted to Santipur, Guwahati. He suggested for mutual co-operation in real sense among the

kanhars, workers of ACBMUMSL, Government of Assam and India is prerequisite for all-

round development of bell metal industry. Choudhury (2009) discusses every aspect of bell

metal industry including the impact of globalization on it. He comments that the units of bell

metal should treat as tiny industry rather than cottage industry as the raw materials used by

the industry is not locally available. The Government of India, in her Industrial Policy 1991,

exempted licensing for all other industries keeping more important eighteen industries in its

hands has changed the economic character from Mixed to Capitalist one. Therefore,

globalization, liberalization, and privatization enter into the economy of India. Globalization

create problems to indigenous bell metal industry as machine made, cheap, colourful

products enter into our state and demand of indigenous products decreases at a faster rate.

Poor kanhars always want to take credit from easily accessible moneylender at a higher rate

of interest and spent the amounts mainly in meeting their household requirements. In this

way they involve in debt cycle. He comments that the processes of globalization cannot give

any impression upon bell metal industry of Assam, if the kanhars exhibit their desire, belief,

close attentions, mutual co-operation for its development. Deka (2009) discusses about the

multi faced talent and contribution of Late Kandarpa Nath Deka towards the formation of

‘The Asom Samabai Kanhar Sangha Limited’. Late Deka was a follower of his Master (Late)

Kohiram Das and tried hard for the development of bell metal industry within a short period.

20

He discussed the role-played by the Sangha for the development of bell metal industry in the

light of co-operative movement. He suggested for regular health check up of the artisans be

make sure by the authority of ACBMUMSL. He urged upon the government to execute the

scheme of ‘Employee’s State Insurance’ (ESI) for the workers engaged in bell metal

industry. He also suggested implementing the scheme, already submitted to the Department

of Industries, Government of Assam by ACBMUMSL and arranging for training to workers

outside the state to produce new raw materials at minimum cost from its virgin metals tin and

copper to meet the shortage of raw material of the industry. Deka (2010) discussed about the

place of bell and brass metal products in Assamese culture and found that these are now

become as tokens of Assamese culture. He discusses different aspects of bell metal industry

and its relation with cultural development of Assam. He opined that no other metal products

can contribute to so many diverse field of cultural tradition of a nation, which can serve by

bell and brass metal products. Deka (2010) discusses about the participation of kanhars from

Sarthebari area in different socio-cultural function including the Great Sarthebari Sabha

Mahotsab. He urges upon the devotion of workers through their services to increase the

strength of ACBMUMSL and needs to raise helping hands from government for all round

development of bell metal industry. Deka (2010) discuses about the resultant decreases the

demand of bell metal articles in relation to low price products of other metallic articles along

with products made of aluminium, plastic, stainless steel, glass etc. He suggested for the use

of specially made Deep Drawing Machine to give shape of products according to needs,

Electric Grinder and Cutter, replacement of Earthen Mould by Cast Iron Mould, Blow Lamp

instead of charcoal, Furnace to use L.P.G. etc. to modernize the industry and thereby the

workers will able to produce diversified bell metal products. Again he suggested using

21

bamboo made basket and Assamese gamocha for packing the products, production of folding

articles to make easy the packing procedure of big articles and urged for regional and

national market and research to know the demand of indigenous products. Deka (2010)

discusses about the tradition of handicrafts in Assam and found that the people try to produce

household utensils needed by them from locally available raw materials. But, after the

introduction of Industrial Revolution in Europe at the beginning of 20th

century, the condition

of these crafts have deteriorated and even some of them were wiped-out from the crafts map

of Assam. Among them, the bell and brass metal industries of Sarthebari area and Hajo are

flourishing till today as an exception. The economic weakness of Kanhar Sangha however,

gives chance to mahajan, aratdar, local traders etc. to exploit the ignorant kanhars of the

locality. He asked the elite section of this locality to take necessary steps for future

development of the industry. Deka (2010) discuses about the past and present condition of

bell metal industry of Sarthebari and found that the mastery of some of the noted kanhars of

the area able to brought fame by receiving awards, title from government of Assam and India

along with kings of royal history of Assam. He recalls about the formation of “The Assam

Kanhar Silpi Sangstha” in 1964 and the execution of offering 30 grams mulmorakanh

against each kilograms bhangakanh to the kanhars from 1979 after long way agitation and

discussion with ACBMUMSL and traders. He suggested for renovation of CFSC established

at Hirabori Reserve, implementation of the scheme submitted to department of industries,

government of Assam by ACBMUMSL in 1980s. He requests the government of Assam to

make sure the supply of sufficient amount of raw materials and energy to kanhars. Deka

(2010) also discusses about the Buddhist origin of bell metal industry of Assam in relation its

historical development and found that in olden time there was complete absence of

22

middlemen or business class. The kanhars received making charge only from the persons

who were supplied raw materials to garhsal to produce new things. The detritions of bell

metal industry rose its pick point in 1929, during the worldwide great economic depression.

However, the kanhars of Sarthebari area were lucky enough as ASKSL was established on

5th

November 1933 to save the industry from further decaying condition. The industry is

flourishing till today as main centre of production at Sarthebari. To save the industry from

the wave of liberalized economic policy accepted by our government, the need of mutual co-

operation among all section of the society, who has close attachment to the industry concern.

Deka (2010) discusses about the bell metal industry of Sarthebari and found that anybody can

engage as kanhar, irrespective of caste, creed, religion etc. “The Asom Samabai Kanhar

Sangha Limited” tries to reduce the measurable condition of artisans. The industry become

almost stagnant due to competition posed by machine made products, frequent hike of raw

material as well as products price, changing taste of the customers etc. Deka (2010) discusses

about the social responsibility of workers engaged in ACBMUMSL as well as the artisans

engaged in bell metal industry of Sarthebari. The best known example can be cited as the

participation of kanhars in Raijmel held in 1894 at Panagaonrtup, though it was a ‘No Tax

Hike’ movement by Krishak (farmer). After realizing the real status of the kanhars of this

locality, British people started to exploit them and the industry went to a measurable position.

The long way downfall of bell metal industry were no longer exist after the formation of the

ASKSL and it able to bears the glory of the industry by celebrating the “Grand Diamond

Jubilee”. To overcome the problems arises from liberalize economic policy, the kanhars and

workers of the ACBMUMSL should take forward proactive united steps. Deka (2010) made

a poetic expression of dawn of Sarthebari; especially the environment created by the

23

kanharsal in every morning. The ACBMUMSL act as safeguard to bell metal industry

though it fails to supply the required amount of raw materials and energy. Deka (2010)

mention about the rich heritage of cottage industries of Sarthebari areas, such as bell metal,

brass metal, pottery etc. However, the origins of these crafts are not clearly known by the

people, due to non-availability of reliable source materials. He expects the government will

take positive steps towards the development of bell metal industry in near future. Kalita

(2010) in his work relating to bell metal industry of Sarthebari area expresses about the

glorious past, present conditions and development prospect of the industry. He mention about

the prevailing barter system of business relation to foreign countries like Nepal, Bhutan,

Tibet etc. for bell and brass metal articles in olden days. Further he mentions the difference

of Bhortaal and Bhutiataal and different types of Bhutiataal. He discusses about the resultant

use of bell and brass metal articles in religious functions, marriage ceremonies, ritual

purposes, cultural activities, musical instruments, household utensils and decorative items by

the people of Assamese society. The Guwahati base mahajans are buying raw materials from

Pakistan and are controlling the whole business. Charcoal, the main energy for bell metal

industry is imported from Garo Hill district of Meghalaya. Backward transport and

communication system, shortage of raw materials, energy and working capital, poor working

environment and medical facilities are some of the associated disadvantages of the industry.

He suggested for renovation of CFSC, packaging system of products be exported, issue of

‘trade mark’ to Sarthebari products, training facilities to workers, pension to workers etc. It is

a socio-economic responsibility of artisans, social workers, NGO’s, workers of

ACBMUMSL along with the government to enlighten the bell metal industry of Sarthebari.

Medhi (2010) expresses his long experience visualizes about bell metal industry from

24

childhood and cited example of material needs to establish a garhsal based on the experience

of his family owned garhsal. Formerly, the economic conditions of artisans engaged in bell

metal foundries were very good and easily able to manage their big size families including

educational expenditure. Pathak (2010) discusses about the contribution laid down by the

kanhars of this locality towards different movements starting from Indian National Freedom

Movement (1885-1947) to Assam Agitation (1979-85). Patowari (2010) discusses about the

historical development of bell metal industry of Assam and the role played by ACBMUMSL

in its development. The information available in Darrang Vangshavali reveals that the

kanhars were encouraged and offered to settle in Assam by the Great King Naranarayana.

After the annexation of Assam by British people, slowly a class of intermediaries (Keyans,

Bengalis etc.) called mahajan or traders are entering into business of bell metal products in

Assam and exploiting the innocent kanhars. Patowari (2010) explain attachment of bell metal

products to cultural and religious functions. She comments that given up of bell metal

industry is synonym the given up of Assamese culture. Sharma (2010) discusses about the

respectable position of bell metal products in Assamese society and found that the production

units are confined mainly in Lower Assam and products are widely used in different districts

located in Upper Assam.

Sharma (2010) discusses about the contribution of bell metal industry towards the

economy of Assam and found that the articles made of bell metal industry occupy a

remarkable place in socio-cultural, religious and economic life of Assam. The articles made

of bell metal industry gives good return from selling as decrepit after long-time use and

reuse, which is not possible to other metallic products. He suggests for issue of ‘Trade Mark’

25

upon Sarthebari products to stop the tendency of selling the imitated bell metal products in

the name of Sarthebari products. Further the workers of ACBMUMSL should think

positively to sale its share in open market to increase economic strength to save the industry

from clutch of the mahajan. Talukdar (2010) discusses about the problems and prospects of

bell metal industry of Assam in the light of its historical development. He mention about the

role played by the ‘Assam Metal Gild Association’ (AGMA) for all round development of

bell metal industry of Sarthebari. Modernization is the ultimate needs to save the industry

from present decaying condition, he comments. Talukdar (2010) discusses the historical

events related to development of bell metal industry of Assam and commented that during

the Ahom regime, bell metal artisans were respectable person of Assamese society. After the

starting of British Rule in Assam, slowly a class of intermediaries were entered into the

business of bell metal industry and exhibit their supremacy over the artisans. The

‘Worldwide Great Economic Depression’ after First World War also increases the miserable

condition of kanhars and the condition of bell metal industry along with other indigenous

industries. Tamuli (2010) discusses about the glorious past, present condition and prospects

for up gradation of bell metal industry of Assam with special reference to Sarthebari cluster.

The organizational weakness and ignorance of workers, low quality of products in some

cases, lack of co-operation among producers, suppliers and sellers; frequent price hike of raw

materials and energy; exploitation made by mahajan and traders, unplanned sanction of loan

by financial institutions are some of the internal problems related to bell metal industry. On

the other hand, alternative cheap and colourful machine made products available in the

market, lack of proper training of the artisans to produce new design articles, insufficient

interest from government towards the industry, backward transport and communication

26

system, executive weakness of workers engaged in ACBMUMSL are some of the external

problems faced the industry. To save the industry from its present shape for solving the

problems arises, the strength of ACBMUMSL must increase by the mutual efforts of NGOs,

artisans, people of this locality, workers of co-operative society, peoples related to marketing

of the products etc. Tamuli (2010) explain the working environment of present day garhsal

and make reasoning to the changes taken over latter part of 20th

century.

Though a few works has already being carried out to understand the trend of

development of the Bell and Brass Metal industrial sector, they are basically confined to only

two traditional pockets of lower Assam, which do not provide the nature of similar crafts that

still prevails in other pockets of the state. Apart from it, detail profile of the artisans involved,

raw material, working procedure of the sector along with the nature of the market demand is

yet to be analysed not only from economic but also from spatial perspective. So, there lies

enough scope for detailed analysis of the sector from the perspective of its genesis, trend of

development along with challenges it face in the contemporary market environment.

Therefore, the present work entitle ‘Bell and Brass Metal Industries in Assam: Present Status

and Prospects for Development in the Changing Market Environment’ has been under taken

to understand and pave a way for the very survival of an economically and culturally

important cottage form of industrial sector in the state.

1.5. METHODOLOGY

The work followed an empirical and descriptive method of investigation by adapting

an exploratory as well as explanatory approach and planned in three distinct phases. They are

27

(i) pre-field, (ii) field and (iii) post field or laboratory phase. Study of published materials

and browsing of secondary data etc. continues to be thrust of the phase-I. Phase- II has been

devoted to generate primary data from the field; while phase-III involves data analysis and

report writing.

As a part of the phase-I, various sources have consulted to acquire secondary data

relevant to the study. Books, journals, magazine, research papers, published and unpublished

Ph.D. and M. Phil. Dissertations, important publications from periodicals, news magazine

along with census reports, relevant reports on the industries from state and central

government departments, e-sites, maps, photographic documentation etc. have been

consulted to acquire secondary data. Library support from K. K. Handique Library, Gauhati

University, IIE Guwahati, Department of Geography, G.U and Central Library, Bapujee

College, Saruksheri has been availed. In this process, secondary data has also been collected

from the organizations like Assam Finance Corporation, Nalbari branch, Census of India,

Gauhati office, Department of Handicrafts, Government of India, Guwahati, Gauripur and

Jorhat Branch, Department of Small Scale Industries, Government of Assam, Directorate of

Evalution, Government of Assam, Directorate of Industries, Government of Assam, District

Industries Centre, Bamunimaidan and Barpeta, Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship (IIE),

Guwahati, Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise, Government of India,

Guwahati, National Productivity Council, Guwahati office, Circle Offices of Hajo, Nalbari

and Sarthebari, NEDFi, Guwahati, State Bank of India, Local Head Office (LHO), Guwahati,

Dispur, along with Dadara and Nalbari Branches and head office of The Assam Co-operative

Bell Metal Utensils Manufacturing Society Limited (ACBMUMSL), Sarthebari.

28

In the phase-II, purposively designed questionnaires were used to carry out the field

survey covering various stakeholders of the industry along with the buyer segment to

generate primary data (Appendix I-V). Investigation of the production units and artisans was

carried out based on 10 per cent sample size of the universe. The random sampling

procedures have been followed while selecting the production units. Criterions for the

selection process of samples are location, economy, temporal span of activity, numbers of

workers involved, product varieties etc. Five types of purposively designed schedule-cum-

questionnaires are applied in the investigation directed towards:(i) Bell/Brass metal unit and

artisans (Garhsal), (ii) Workers engaged in management groups of Bell/ Brass metal

industry, (iii) Sale/Trade Centre of Bell/ Brass metal products, (iv) Buyers of Bell/Brass

metal products and (v) Village/Town having Co-operative Society/Sangha/NGO having

Bell/Brass metal industry. These schedule-cum-questionnaires initially used for test survey

and latter on standardized to achieve the specific purposes. This process is also supported by

field observation and perception of the surveyor.

The study has considered all groups of workers engaged in Bell and Brass Metal

Industries of Barpeta, Nalbari and Kamrup districts of Assam. Information regarding the

universe relating to the bell and brass metal units, artisans and branches of co-operative

society are collected from ‘The Assam Co-operative Bell Metal Utensils Manufacturing

Society Limited’ (ACBMUMSL), Sarthebari; Kanhar Silpi Sangstha (KSS), Sarthebari,

‘Sarukshetri Sarai Silpi Sangstha’ (SSSS), Baniakuchi; ‘Brihattar Hajo Pital Karikar Silpi

Sangstha’(BHPKSS), Hajo; Department of Handicrafts, Marketing Division, Government of

India along with Gauripur and Jorhat Branches. The listed villages and number of units and

29

artisans have been verified during the field study. After the fixation of universe or population

of the study, sample size fixed around 10 per cent of the production units and artisans

involved (Table-1.1 and 1.2); 13 members engaged in management groups including

members of the co-operative society. There is lack of accurate information regarding the

universe of sale/trade centre those running under private ownership. Therefore, study has

covered 15 sale/trade centres based on field experience. Altogether 58 buyers were studied to

understand their perception on bell and brass metal products available in the market. Apart

from it, information of the respective villages which have bell and brass metal industries also

been gathered.

Table 1.1: Sample size of Bell Metal Units and Artisans, Assam (2008-09)

Sl.

No.

Name of the

village/town

Mauza/District Universe Sample size

No. of

Units

Kanhar Bhaiga Total

Artisans

Units Artisans

1 Sarthebari Sarukshetri, Barpeta 152 153 384 537 15 78

2 Gomura Sarukshetri, Barpeta 41 41 150 191 06 33

3 Karakuchi Sarukshetri, Barpeta 23 23 97 120 02 11

4 Namsala Sarukshetri, Barpeta 35 34 148 182 05 26

5 Amrikhowa Sarukshetri, Barpeta 15 16 89 105 02 12

6 Palla Sarukshetri, Barpeta 03 03 14 17 02 10

7 Lachima Sarukshetri, Barpeta 08 06 26 32 01 05

8 Kamarpara Sarukshetri, Barpeta 01 01 03 04 01 04

9 Singra Sarukshetri, Barpeta 01 01 05 06 01 04

10 Bamun paka Paka, Barpeta 02 02 08 10 01 05

11 Botia Paka, Barpeta 02 02 17 19 01 05

12 Kalatoli Paka, Barpeta 01 01 04 05 01 05

13 Others* Paka, Saru. Brpt. - 01 31 32 - -

A. Total of Sarthebari Cluster B. 284 284 976 1260 38 200

1 Kartimari- Kokrajhar, Dhubri 06 06 24 30 01 03

2 Bilasipara Dhubri 08 08 26 34 01 04

3 Gauripur Dhubri 01 01 04 05 01 05

C. Western Assam Cluster 15 15 54 69 03 12

Total of Population & Sample 299 299 1030 1329 41 212

Percentage of sample size 13.71 15.95

30

Note: Universe has fixed based on secondary information gathered from, "The Assam Kanhar Silpi Santha,

Sarthebari"; "The Assam Co-operative Bell Metal Utensils Manufacturing Society Limited", Sarthebari and

Department of Handicrafts, Marketing Division, Government of India, Gauripur Office.

Others*: Hilepara, Bhaiga – 04, Nasatra Bhaiga – 01, Bathanartari, Bhaiga – 02, Byaskuchi, Bhaiga – 09,

Cinadi, Bhaiga – 02, Kapla Bhaiga – 03, Bengapara, Bhaiga-03, Bori, Bhaiga – 04, Baniakuchi, Bhaiga-01,

Haldhibari, Bhaiga-02, Rauly, Kanhar-01.

**Two units under survey have temporarily shifted from village Gomura, Sarthebari Cluster to Ganeshpara,

Guwahati. All information under brackets has counted with Sarthebari cluster except survey purpose.

Table 1.2: Sample size of Brass Metal Units and Artisans, Assam (2008-09

Sl.

No.

Village or town name Mauza, District Universe Sample size

No. of

units

Kanhar Bhaiga Total

Artisans

Units Artisans

1 Baniakuchi Sarukshetri, Barpeta 15 15 50 65 02 10

2 Haldhibari Sarukshetri, Barpeta 07 07 38 45 01 07 3 Bengapara Sarukshetri, Barpeta 02 02 10 12 01 02 4 Lochima Sarukshetri, Barpeta 18 18 65 83 02 06

5 Amrikhowa Sarukshetri, Barpeta 09 09 12 21 01 07 6 Baghmara Sarukshetri, Barpeta 05 06 11 17 01 06 7 Hilepara Sarukshetri, Barpeta 08 08 33 41 02 08 8 Barkapla Sarukshetri, Barpeta 08 08 27 35 01 03

9 Belbari Sarukshetri, Barpeta 08 10 16 26 01 05 10 Kamarpara Sarukshetri, Barpeta 01 06 10 16 01 05

11 Byaskuchi Sarukshetri, Barpeta 04 04 06 10 01 04 12 Rauly Sarukshetri, Barpeta 04 04 14 18 01 02 13 Singra Sarukshetri, Barpeta 04 04 06 10 01 02

14 Gohia Sarukshetri, Barpeta 02 02 07 09 01 03

15 Cinadi Sarukshetri, Barpeta 01 01 04 05 01 03

16 Nasatra Paka, Barpeta 04 04 14 18 01 06

17 Rampur Paka, Barpeta 01 01 00 01 01 05 18 Others Saru, Paka, Barpeta. -- -- -- 17 -- --

A. Sarthebari Cluster 101 109 323 449 20 84 B. Hajo Cluster 224 224 143 367 22 52 C. Silchar, Silchar Cachar 08 08 17 25 04 07

D. Guwahati Cluster 02 02 01 03 02 03 E. Mugkuchi, Nalbari 06 06 19 25 02 09

F. Barpeta Road, Barpeta 06 06 16 22 02 06

1 Bilasipara Dhubri 05 05 11 16 01 03

2 Krtimari-Asharkani- Kokrajhar, Dhubri 05 05 10 15 01 02

3 Gauripur Dhubri 02 02 03 05 01 02

G. Western Assam Cluster 12 12 24 36 03 07

1. Kakojan Jorhat 06 06 15 21 - -

2. Methadung Sivasagar 02 02 05 07 - -

H. Upper Assam Cluster 08 08 20 28 - -

Grand Total 367 375 563 955 55 168 Percentage of sample to its population 14.99 17.59

31

Note: Universe has fixed based on secondary information gathered from Department of Handicrafts,

Marketing Division, Government of India, Jorhat and Gauripur Branch, Sarukshetri Pital Silpi Santha, Brihattar

Hajo Pital Karikar Silpi Santha.

Others: Barghopa-1, Matikhowa-1, Banna-1, Kackan-1, Garartari-1, Bechamari-1, Tapa-3, Helocha-4, Kousha-

1, Nowara-1, Barmara-1, Jaymatipur-1

In the phase-III, the raw data collected in the first two phases are interpreted and

analyzed with the help of simple statistical tools. Necessary maps are designed to visualize

the spatial context of bell and brass metal producing clusters of the state. Photographs are

developed that captured the products and working environment of the industry. Finally, the

dissertation has been prepared.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Cottage industrial sector is more important for employment potentiality, as these are

more labour intensive than medium and large industries. They generate more direct jobs

against per unit of investment than other sectors of industries. Located in rural areas can

further serves to counter act seasonal unemployment in agriculture by making use of labour,

which might otherwise be remain unutilized and underutilized. This sector also seeks to

counter act the concentration of large income and wealth in a few hands resulting from other

sectors of industries (Hazarika, 1995). The industrial units of this sector are quick yielding

with relatively short gestation period, which is very essential in a developing economy

characterized with a high inflationary tendency. The problem of environmental pollution is

negligible in general. Nevertheless, the production units of bell and brass metal industries

have created sound pollution to some extent at local level. It also plays an important role in

preventing labour migration from rural areas to large and over crowded cities.

32

Cottage industries have to spruce up all aspects of operations to benefit from the

advantages of liberalized market environment. Lack of promotional expertise and absence of

strategic planning and thinking are two areas that needs to be spruce up, if it is to face the

challenge of liberalized market environment (Hazarika, 1995).

Cottage industries play an important role in the industrial sector of Assam. Bell and

brass metal industries of the state are small scale cottage form of industry, where thousands

of workers, wholesalers, retailers etc. have involved directly or indirectly. At present, due to

various problems in the socio-economic realm of the state, the bell and brass metal industries

are in a great distress. So, there is the need of a thorough study of the problems relating to the

industry and explore its prospects. It is hoped that, the present study will certainly help in

understanding the overall scenario of bell and brass metal industries in Assam and their

prospects in the overall industrial growth of the state.

1.7. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Though the study tries to analyse the situation of the Bell and Brass metal industries

in Assam, inferences are made on the basis of major producing areas of the sector, mainly

concentrated in Barpeta, Nalbari and Kamrup districts. The overall scenario of the sector has

been mainly assessed on the basis of secondary data available to the researcher. But, non-

availability of data in all centres of production continues to be a problem in fixing size of the

universe and the samples accordingly.

1.8. TERMS AND TERMINOLOGIES USED

The word ‘terms’ can have a number of different meaning depending on the context

in which it is used. Terms are words and compound words that in specific contexts are given

33

specific meanings that can deviate from the meaning of the same words have in other

contexts and in everyday language. Terminology is the study of terms and their use.

Therefore, terms are words and terminologies the combinations of terms having a precise,

specialised meaning to use to mean local language and culture. Some terms and

terminologies used in the work are as follows:

TERMS

Aachli- good quality

Aachli-charach- best quality

Aautakanha- a cake shaped bell metal lump after cooling the melted metal

Ahbayak- convenor

Anger- charcoal

Aratdar- broker involved in bell and brass metal industries

Arshak- worshipper

Baltikanh- exceed bell metal

Baran-Mandhora- felicitation ceremony of Assamese marriage

Bargeet- folk songs composed by Srimanta Sankardeva and Madhabdeva

Bartop and Barhiloi- Cannon

Bazaruwa- inferior quality

Bhaiga- co-partner of a bell or brass metal industry

Bhangakanh- decrepit bell metal

34

Bhaona- folk drama

Bhortaal- big size cymbal used at the time of secrete prayer

Bhutiataal- cymbal used by the people of Bhutan

Bianam- marriage song

Biswayan- globalisation

Brahmanical- religious faith related to the Brahmins of the Hindus

Brihattar- extensive

Burahgohainghar- Old temple

Daflas- Nichi tribe residing in Arunachal Pradesh

Dapon- mirror

Dara Aadara- welcoming the bridegroom

Fuldani- flower vase

Fuljari- kind of firework rising like a fountain

Fulkata- engraved figures of flowers

Gadisatka- treads of kanhars on the seat of honour of mahajans

Gamocha- Assamese towel

Garhsal- work shed of bell and brass metal industries

Garhkhati- no work day of garhsal

Garhsikha- trainees of bell and brass metal industries

35

Homā- a brunt offering

Jaron- vermillion ceremony in Assamese marriage

Junanam- devotional songs sung by Assamese people

Kangshapatra- items made of bell metal

Kanh- bell metal

Kanhar- in real meaning the master artisan of bell and brass metal industries, but the term is

used to mean all artisans of bell and brass metal industries

Kanharsal- workshop of bell or brass metal industry

Khanjuritaal- small size cymbal used at the time of playing bhaona

Khutitaal- small size cymbal used at the time of playing by the ojha-pali

Krishak- farmer

Mahajan- business person that supply raw materials to the production units and take back the

products to the retailers (not engaged in retail sell)

Manipuri- people of Manipur

Marowari- people of Rajasthan (Marawar region)

Mel- meeting

Mithaikhowa- in the past, mahajan used to deducted some amount from the making charges

of bell metal artisans in the name of procuring sweets

Mond- equal to 40 kilograms

36

Mulmorahkanh- lost parts of bell metal in the process of production

Nam-prasanga- secretes prayer of Assamese people by reciting verses from the Bhagavat-

Geeta, Ramayana, Mahabharata etc.

Nisfkheraj- land assessed at half the usual rate of revenue

Ojha-pali- master artisan and his co-partners together

Ojha-pali- choral dancer

Palnam-devotional recitation performance usually for long duration

Panitola- holy water collection ceremony for the bathing of bride and bridegroom

Paehak- a public reader of religious books

Pital- brass metal

Prakashan- publication

Pratistan- establishment

Pura- four bighas of land (1 bigha= 14400 ft²)

Raijmel- ‘no tax rebellion’ carried out by the people of Sarthebari area

Sangha- a social organisation to performed the works of common interest of the society

Satra- a religious institution founded by the Mahapurusa

Satriya nritya- classical dance originated in satra institutions

Shradha- a religious function performed to recall and show honour to dead ancestors

Silpi- artist/ artisan

37

Smritigrantha- souvenir

Swargadeo- title of the Ahom king of Assam

Zamindar- land lord

TERMINOLOGIES

Amar Asom- An Assamese daily news paper published from Guwahati

Antarjatic Bazaarat Kanh Silpar Bhumika-Role of bell metal industry in international market

The Assam Samabai Kanhar Sangha Limited- The Assam co-operative bell metal artisans’

organisation limited

Asom Kanh Silpar Pratistan- Sale centre of bell metal product of Assam

Asom Sahitya Sobha- A literary forum of Assam

Asomiya Sanskritit Kanhsilpar Bachan- Bell metal utensils in Assamese culture

Astittar Sankatat Kartimari-Asharikandi Kanh-Pital Uddyog- Distress of existence of bell

and brass metal industries in Kartimari-Asharkandi

Brihattar Hajo Pital Karikar Silpi Sangstha- Greater Hajo brass metal workers’ association

Dainik Batori- An Assamese daily news paper published from Guwahati

Dara Aru Kanya Dhowa- bathing ceremony of bride and bridegroom in an Assamese

marriage

Dhan Bharali- treasurer

Eri oha dinbor- days that passed away

38

Golakikaran, Kanhsilpa Aru Baideshik Mudra- Globalisation, bell metal industry and foreign

currency

Hajor Kutir Silpa- Cottage industry of Hajo

Hajor Pital Silpa- Brass metal industry of Hajo

Haldhibari Samabai Sarai Silpi Sangha- The Co-operative Sarai workers’ organisation,

Haldhibari

Haturi Jhar Jiban Samal- The people who lives on hammer i.e. artisan of bell and brass

metal industries

Kanh Silpar Adhunikikaran Aru Samprasaran- Modernisation and expansion of bell metal

industry

Kanh Silpa Nagari Sarthebari- Bell metal industrial town Sarthebari

Kanh Silpar Oparat Bisbwayanar Probhab- Impact of globalisation on bell metal industry

Oitishyapurna Pitalar Silpa- Hisiorical brass metal industry

Pital karikar or silpi- Brass metal artisan

Sadarminar Atmajibani-Autobiography of Sadarmin

Sarthebarir Kanh Silpa Aru Kanhar Silpisakal- Bell metal industry of Sarthebari and its

Artisans

Sarukshetri Sarai Silpi Sangstha- Saruksheri brass metal artisans’ association

Silpir Gaurav- Proud of artisan

Silpi Pension- Pension for artist/artisan

39

Silpa, Silpi Aru Samabai Sangha- Industry, artisan and co-operative society

Sobha Mahostsav- An annual socio-religious festival specially observed by the peoples of

western Assam with the association and assembles of large numbers of people

ABBREVIATIONS USED

ACBMUMSL : The Assam Co-operative Bell Metal Utensils Manufacturing Society

Limited

AFC : Assam Finance Corporation

AGMA : Assam Government Marketing Association

AIDC : Assam Industrial Development Corporation

AIIDC : Assam Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation

AMGA : Assam Metal Gild Association

ASKSL : Assam Samabai Kanhar Sangstha Limited

ARTFED : The Artisans Federation Limited

ATDC : Assam Tourism Development Corporation

BHPKSS : Brihattar Hajo Pital Karikar Silpi Sangstha

CCFO, SBI : Chief Controller and Finance Officer, State Bank of India

CDC : Cluster Development Cell

CDE : Cluster Development Executive

CFSC : Common Facilities Service Centre

CII : Confederation of Indian Industries

CSC : Consultancy Service Cell

DC : Development Commissioner (Handicrafts)

DI : Directorate of Industries

40

DICC : District Industries and Commerce Centre

IDBI : Industrial Development Bank of India

ESI : Employee’s State Insurance

GTAC : Guwahati Tea Auction Centre

HMPKS : Hajo Muslimpatty Pital Karikar Sangstha

HP : Horse Power

HSSSS : The Haldhibari Samabai Sarai Silpi Sangha

IIT : Indian Institute of Technology

ITI : Industrial Training Institute

KVIC : Khadi and Village Industries Corporation

MHSC : Metal Handicrafts Service Centre (Moradabad)

MLA : Member of Legislative Assembly

MMTC : Minerals and Metal Trading Centre

MSME : Department of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

NABARD : National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NEDFi : North East Development Finance Limited

NEITCO : North Eastern Industrial and Technical Consultation Organisation

NGO : Non Government Organisation

NISIET : National Institute of Small Industries Extension Training

NRCCD : National Resource Centre for Cluster Development

NSIC : National Small Industries Corporation

PPP : Purchasing Power Parity

RBI : Reserve Bank of India

RGVN : Rastriya Gramin Vikas Nidhi

41

SIDO : Small Industries Development Organisation

SISI : Small Industries Service Institute

SSI : Small Scale Industries

SSSS : Sarukshetri Sarai Silpi Sangstha

TL : Term Loan

WC : Working Capital

WTO : World Trade Organisation

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