Chapter 1: Introduction

Practical Information▪3 Credit Hours

Course material: Course material consists primarily of what has been taught during lectures

Text Book

Boylestad, R. (2007). Introductory Circuit Analysis (11th Edition). Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

Reference Books

Theraja, B.L, Theraja, A.K. (2005). A Text Book of Electrical Technology Volume 1 Basic Electrical Engineering (23rd Edition). S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.

Slides will be made available

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Practical Information Evaluation Criteria

Continuous Assessment 25%

(Attendance & Participation : 10%,

Assignment(s) & Presentation(s) : 10%

Class Tests/ Quizzes (at least 3) : 05%)

Mid-Term Examination 25%

Final Examination 50%

Total 100%

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Course Objective The students get acquainted with the basic concepts and methodologies of electrical engineering.

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Learning Outcomes On successful completion of this course, students will be able to:

• impart a basic knowledge of electrical quantities such as current, voltage, power, energy and frequency to understand the impact of electrical technology

• provide working knowledge for the analysis of basic DC and AC circuits used in electrical and electronic devices.

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Chapter Outline▪Electrical & Electronics Industries

▪A Brief History

▪Units of Measurement

▪Systems of Unit

▪Powers of Ten

▪Conversion Between Levels of Powers of Ten

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EE Industry: Growth•Rapid Growth of EE industry over the last century for the development of new products and improvement of the performance of existing systems.

• For example: New ways of storing information, constructing integrated circuits, or hardware that contains software components that can “think” on their own based on data input are only a few possibilities.

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EE Industry: IC

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• Huge advancement in electronic system is achieved through Miniaturization. This reduction in size of electronic systems is due primarily to an important innovation introduced in 1958—the integrated circuit (IC).

•The integrated circuit shown in Figure is the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor, which has 42 million transistors in an area measuring 0.34 square inches. Intel Corporation recently presented a technical paper describing 20 nanometer (0.02 micrometers) transistors, developed in its silicon research laboratory. These very small, ultrafast transistors will permit placing nearly 1 billion transistors on a sliver of silicon smaller than a stamp—an incredible accomplishment.

Learning Aspect of EE•Design and testing of EE based system requires engineers to know the characteristics of each device or components used in the system, including undesirable characteristics that are part of any electronic element.

•In other words, there are no ideal (perfect) elements in an electronic design. Considering the limitations of each component is necessary to ensure a reliable response under all conditions of temperature, vibration, and effects of the surrounding environment. To develop this awareness requires time and must begin with understanding the basic characteristics of the device.

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Learning Aspect of EE•However, One of the very positive aspects of the learning process associated with electric and electronic circuits is that once a concept or procedure is clearly and correctly understood, it will be useful throughout the career of the individual at any level in the industry.

•Another important aspect is the learning process of circuit analysis is sequential. The beginning studies will establish the foundation for the material that follows.

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A Brief History

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A Brief History: Fundamentals

Physicists, chemists, mathematicians and even philosophers

William Gilbert (static electricity)

Otto von Guericke (first machine to generate large amounts of charge)

Stephen Gray (transmitted electrical charge over long distances on silk thread)

Charles DuFay (charges attract or repel)

Pieter van Musschenbroek – 1745 (Leyden jar for the storage of charge)

Benjamin Franklin – 1752 (used the Leyden jar to prove lightning is an electrical discharge)

Charles Coulomb – 1784 (force between charges related to the square of distance between charge)

Luigi Galvani – 1791 (effects of electricity on animals)

Alessandro Volta – 1799 (voltaic cell to produce electricity through chemical action)

A Brief History: Fundamentals

Hans Christian Oersted – 1820 (foundation of electromagnetism)

Andre Ampere- 1820 (magnetic effects of current carrying conductor)

Georg Ohm – 1831 (Ohm’s Law)

Michael Faraday – 1831 (electromagnetic induction and condenser)

James Clerk Maxwell – 1862 (electromagnetic theory of light)

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz – 1888 (microwaves)

Wilhelm Röntgen – 1895 (X ray)

A Brief History - Age of Electronics

Radio – the true beginning of electronics

Thomas Edison and the Edison effect

Guglielmo Marconi – the father of the radio

John Ambrose Fleming –1904 (the first diode, Fleming’s valve)

Lee De Forest – 1906 (first amplifier)

Radio signals being transmitted across the U.S. – 1915

A Brief History - Age of Electronics Television

Paul Nipkow – 1884 (electrical telescope)

John Baird

– 1927 (transmission of TV over telephone lines)

– 1928 (transmission of TV over radio waves)

NBC – 1932 (first commercial TV antenna installed)

Color television – 1960s

A Brief History - Age of Electronics

Computers

Blaise Pascal – 1642 (earliest computer system)

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz – 1673 (Leibniz wheel)

Charles Babbage – 1823 (difference engine)

IBM was formed – 1924

ENIAC – 1946 University of Pennsylvania

A Brief History - Solid-State Era

First integrated circuit (IC) – 1958 - Texas Instruments

First commercial grade IC – 1961 - Fairchild Corp.

The numerical value substituted into an equation must have the unit of measurement specified by the equation

If a unit of measurement is applicable to a result or piece of data, then it must be applied to the numerical value

Units of Measurement

4000ft 1 min

v= = 4000mi/h 0.7576 mi0.0167 h

v= = 45.37mi/hShould be:

Units of Measurement Each quantity has the proper unit of measurement as defined by the equation

The proper magnitude of each quantity as determined by the defining equation is substituted

Each quantity is in the same system of units (or as defined by the equation)

The magnitude of the results is of a reasonable nature when compared to the level of the substituted quantities

The proper unit of measurement is applied to the result

Systems of Units

Standard set of units for all nations

Le Système International d’Unités – 1960

Adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) in 1965

Adopted by USA Standards Institute (USASI) in 1967 as a standard for all scientific and engineering literature

The standards of some units are quite interesting◦ Meter

◦ Kilogram

◦ Second

Significant Figures, Accuracy, and Rounding Off

When writing numbers, consider:◦ format used

◦ number of digits being included

◦ unit of measurement to be applied

Two type of numbers: exact and approximate

Significant figures

Adding approximate numbers

Rounding off numbers

Powers of Ten Powers of 10◦ 1=100 1/10 = 0.1 =10-1

◦ 10 =101 1/100 = 0.01 =10-2

◦ 100 =102 1/1000 = 0.001 =10-3

◦ 1000 =103 1/10,000 = 0.0001 =10-4

Powers of Ten

Addition and Subtraction◦ When adding or subtracting numbers in a powers-of-ten format, be sure that the power of

ten is the same for each number. Then separate the multipliers, perform the required operation, and apply the same power of ten to the result

◦ a. 6300 + 75000 =

◦ b. 0.00096 – 0.000086 =

Powers of Ten

Multiplication◦ When multiplying numbers in the powers-of-ten format, first find the product of the

multipliers and then determine the power of ten for the result by adding the power-of-ten exponents.

◦ a. (0.0002)(0.000007) =

◦ b. (340000)(0.00061) =

Powers of Ten

Powers of Ten

Powers of Ten

Prefixes◦ Specific powers of ten in engineering notation have been assigned prefixes and

symbols

Conversion Between Levels of Powers of Ten

Convert 20 kilohertz (kHz) to megahertz (MHz)

Convert 0.01 milliseconds (ms) to microseconds (μs)

Convert 0.002 kilometers (km) to millimeters (mm)