Chapter 1: Introduction

23
Principles of Programming Chapter 1: Introduction In this chapter you will learn about: Overview of Computer Component Overview of Programming The different types of language Natural Language Formal Language Functional / Imperative Language Programming Languages 1 NI S2 2009/10

description

Chapter 1: Introduction. In this chapter you will learn about: Overview of Computer Component Overview of Programming The different types of language Natural Language Formal Language Functional / Imperative Language Programming Languages. NI S2 2009/10. Overview of Computer Component. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Chapter 1: Introduction

Page 1: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

Chapter 1: Introduction In this chapter you will learn about:

Overview of Computer Component Overview of Programming

The different types of language Natural Language Formal Language Functional / Imperative Language Programming Languages

1NI S2 2009/10

Page 2: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

Overview of Computer Component

Computer Hardware Computer Software

2

Page 3: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

Overview of Computer Hardware

3

Components of a PC

Ordered sequence of storage location

(memory cell)

Page 4: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

Overview of Computer Software

Operating System (OS) the collection of computer programs that control the

interaction of the user and the computer hardware. Application Software

Programs developed to assist a computer user in accomplishing specific tasks.

E.g. Microsoft Word. In order to create new application software, we need

to write lists of instruction (program) to the computer to execute.

4

Page 5: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

What is Programming? Programming is instructing a computer to do

something for you with the help of a Programming Language

A programming language contains instructions for the computer to perform a specific action or a specific task: Display “I like programming” Display the current time

5

Page 6: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

Programming language is different compared to our everyday-language (natural language); spoken and written Does not have to be 100% correct but still understandable. Depends on circumstances; the context: one word can have

many meaning depending on the situation. For example: PUNCH

6

Page 7: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

Semantics – the meaning of the language within a given context

Syntax - Syntax are the rules to join wordstogether in forming a correct expression or phrase.

In natural languages it is often possible to assemble a sentence in more than one correct ways.

7

Page 8: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

Programming Language is a Formal Language used to communicate to a computer. Very specific (one word means one thing – context free)

since to 'talk' to a computer; to instruct a computer; our commands must be 100% clear and correct.

Either Functional - tell what to do but not how (sum [1...10]) or Imperative - describing the step by step to accomplish

the task (Take the first number and add the next number to it; then add the next number to the sum; and …………; until you have reached 10 as number to be added. Then print the sum of all numbers)

8

Page 9: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

Programming Language

The two roles of a programming language: Technical: It instructs the computer to perform tasks. Conceptual: It is a framework within which we organize our

ideas about things and processes. In programming, we deal with two kind of things:

Data - representing 'objects' we want to manipulate Procedures -'descriptions' or 'rules' that define how to

manipulate data.

9

Page 10: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

Programming Language Can be classified into a special-purpose and general-

purpose programming languages. Special-purpose : is design for a particular type of

application Structured Query Language (SQL)

General-purpose : can be used to obtain solutions for many types of problems. Machine Languages Assembly Languages High-Level Languages

10

Page 11: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

Machine Language The only language that the processor actually

'understands‘ Consists of binary codes: 0 and 1

Example: 00010101 11010001 01001100

Each of the lines above corresponds to a specific task to be done by the processor.

Programming in machine code is difficult and slow since it is difficult to memorize all the instructions.

Mistakes can happen very easily. Processor and Architecture dependent (different machine

language for different type of CPU) – not portable

11

Page 12: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

Enables machine code to be represented in words and numbers.

Example of a program in assembly language:LOAD A, 9999LOAD B, 8282SUB BMOV C, A

Easier to understand and memorize (called Mnemonics), compared to machine code but still quite difficult to use.

Cannot be processed directly by a computer, must be converted to machine language using assemblers

Processor and Architecture dependent – not portable

Assembly Language

12

LOAD A, 9999LOAD B, 8282SUB BMOV C, A

LOAD A, 9999LOAD B, 8282SUB BMOV C, A

0111001100100011001110011110011100110010

Assembler

Page 13: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

High-Level Language

13

Page 14: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

14

Entering, translating, and running a High-Level Language Program

Page 15: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

Integrated Development Environment (IDE) A package that combines a simple word processor

with a compiler, linker and loader.

15

Page 16: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

C Programming Language

Why 'C' ? Because based on 'B'; developed at Bell Laboratories

Developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories in the 1960s

In cooperation with Ken Thomson it was used for Unix systems

The C Language was only vaguely defined, not standardized, so that almost everyone had his own perception of it, to such an extend that an urgent need for a standard code was creeping up

16

Page 17: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

C Programming Language cont…

In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) set up X3J11, a Technical Committee to draft a proposal for the ANSI standard, which was approved in 1989 and referred to as the ANSI/ISO 9899 : 1990 or simply the ANSI C, which is now the global standard for C.

This standard was updated in 1999; but there is no compiler yet

17

Page 18: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

C – An Imperative Language C is a highly imperative formal language

We must tell it exactly how to do what; the means and functions to use; which libraries to use; when to add a new line; when an instruction is finished; in short: everything and anything…

filename.c

18

Page 19: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

C++ Programming Language

Created by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labroratories in early 1980s

Is an extension of the C language C++ contains all features of C and new features (C++ a

superset of C) C++ makes object-oriented programming possible. filename.cpp

19

Page 20: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

A Simple Program in C

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void){

printf("I like programming in C.\n");return (0);

}

20

Page 21: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

A Simple Program in C - explanation

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void){

printf("I like programming in C.\n");

return (0);}

21

standard Library, input-output, header-file

Beginning of the program

End of statement

End of Segment

Start of Segment

Function for printing text

Insert a new line

Page 22: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

C Output

I like programming in C.

22

Page 23: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

Summary

We have seen some different types of languages; the relevance of semantics and syntax.

We have observed the detail necessary in an imperative language to instruct a computer properly.

Finally, we examined the syntax to print a line of text to the screen of our computer.

23


CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW€¦ · Chapter 1. Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 INTRODUCTION In this thesis, the feedforward active

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW€¦ · Chapter 1. Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 INTRODUCTION In this thesis, the feedforward active

Chapter 1: Introduction & Review - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7975/11/11_chapter 1.pdf · Chapter 1: Introduction & Review 2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW

Chapter 1: Introduction & Review - INFLIBNETshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7975/11/11_chapter 1.pdf · Chapter 1: Introduction & Review 2 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW

CHAPTER-1 Introduction - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/152653/9/08 chapter 1.pdfChapter -1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION . 1.1. Introduction . Mountain

CHAPTER-1 Introduction - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/152653/9/08 chapter 1.pdfChapter -1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION . 1.1. Introduction . Mountain

Chapter 1Chapter 1 Introduction: Introduction

Chapter 1Chapter 1 Introduction: Introduction

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/48048/11... · Chapter 1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PREAMBLE Materials science is a significant

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/48048/11... · Chapter 1 Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PREAMBLE Materials science is a significant

Chapter 1: Introduction - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10166/12/12_chapter 1.p… · Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction The physical study of mixed

Chapter 1: Introduction - Shodhgangashodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/10166/12/12_chapter 1.p… · Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction The physical study of mixed

Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Introduction.

Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Introduction.

Chapter 1- Introduction Fall 2013. Chapter 1- Introduction Lecture 1.

Chapter 1- Introduction Fall 2013. Chapter 1- Introduction Lecture 1.

Chapter 1 Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction

Chapter 1 Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction

Chapter 1: Introduction...1-1 BASIN PLAN – JUNE 19, 2014 INTRODUCTION Chapter 1:

Chapter 1: Introduction...1-1 BASIN PLAN – JUNE 19, 2014 INTRODUCTION Chapter 1:

Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter One Introductionise.tamu.edu/inen614/Chapter 1.pdf · Chapter One Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction ... 13, 1994) that contains eight ... - robust

Chapter 1. Introduction Chapter One Introductionise.tamu.edu/inen614/Chapter 1.pdf · Chapter One Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction ... 13, 1994) that contains eight ... - robust

Chapter 1 Introduction C2000 Series Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 1 Introduction C2000 Series Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 1 Introduction - Brisbane · Introduction August 2005 1-1 Chapter 1 Introduction ... 1-6 1.6.2 Bioretention Swales (Chapter 3) ... Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology’s

Chapter 1 Introduction - Brisbane · Introduction August 2005 1-1 Chapter 1 Introduction ... 1-6 1.6.2 Bioretention Swales (Chapter 3) ... Research Centre for Catchment Hydrology’s

Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Introduction€¦ · Chapter 1 Introduction ... 1 2

Chapter 1 Introduction€¦ · Chapter 1 Introduction ... 1 2

learn.opendoorcoaching.com.au  · Web viewChapter 1 – Introduction. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 3 – Putting it into practice.

learn.opendoorcoaching.com.au  · Web viewChapter 1 – Introduction. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 3 – Putting it into practice.

Part 1: Introduction, issues, and data - Northern Territory · 1 Part 1: Introduction, issues, and data Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Trends and issues. 3 Chapter 1: Introduction

Part 1: Introduction, issues, and data - Northern Territory · 1 Part 1: Introduction, issues, and data Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Trends and issues. 3 Chapter 1: Introduction

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MILITARY LAW CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MILITARY LAW.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MILITARY LAW CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MILITARY LAW.

Chapterl Introduction - 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Chapterl Introduction - 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION