Chapter 1: Introduction

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Principles of Programming Chapter 1: Introduction In this chapter you will learn about: Overview of Computer Component Overview of Programming The different types of language Natural Language Formal Language Functional / Imperative Language Programming Languages 1 NI S2 2009/10

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Chapter 1: Introduction. In this chapter you will learn about: Overview of Computer Component Overview of Programming The different types of language Natural Language Formal Language Functional / Imperative Language Programming Languages. NI S2 2009/10. Overview of Computer Component. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Chapter 1: Introduction

Page 1: Chapter 1: Introduction

Principles of Programming

Chapter 1: Introduction In this chapter you will learn about:

Overview of Computer Component Overview of Programming

The different types of language Natural Language Formal Language Functional / Imperative Language Programming Languages

1NI S2 2009/10

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Overview of Computer Component

Computer Hardware Computer Software

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Overview of Computer Hardware

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Components of a PC

Ordered sequence of storage location

(memory cell)

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Overview of Computer Software

Operating System (OS) the collection of computer programs that control the

interaction of the user and the computer hardware. Application Software

Programs developed to assist a computer user in accomplishing specific tasks.

E.g. Microsoft Word. In order to create new application software, we need

to write lists of instruction (program) to the computer to execute.

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What is Programming? Programming is instructing a computer to do

something for you with the help of a Programming Language

A programming language contains instructions for the computer to perform a specific action or a specific task: Display “I like programming” Display the current time

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Programming language is different compared to our everyday-language (natural language); spoken and written Does not have to be 100% correct but still understandable. Depends on circumstances; the context: one word can have

many meaning depending on the situation. For example: PUNCH

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Semantics – the meaning of the language within a given context

Syntax - Syntax are the rules to join wordstogether in forming a correct expression or phrase.

In natural languages it is often possible to assemble a sentence in more than one correct ways.

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Programming Language is a Formal Language used to communicate to a computer. Very specific (one word means one thing – context free)

since to 'talk' to a computer; to instruct a computer; our commands must be 100% clear and correct.

Either Functional - tell what to do but not how (sum [1...10]) or Imperative - describing the step by step to accomplish

the task (Take the first number and add the next number to it; then add the next number to the sum; and …………; until you have reached 10 as number to be added. Then print the sum of all numbers)

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Programming Language

The two roles of a programming language: Technical: It instructs the computer to perform tasks. Conceptual: It is a framework within which we organize our

ideas about things and processes. In programming, we deal with two kind of things:

Data - representing 'objects' we want to manipulate Procedures -'descriptions' or 'rules' that define how to

manipulate data.

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Programming Language Can be classified into a special-purpose and general-

purpose programming languages. Special-purpose : is design for a particular type of

application Structured Query Language (SQL)

General-purpose : can be used to obtain solutions for many types of problems. Machine Languages Assembly Languages High-Level Languages

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Machine Language The only language that the processor actually

'understands‘ Consists of binary codes: 0 and 1

Example: 00010101 11010001 01001100

Each of the lines above corresponds to a specific task to be done by the processor.

Programming in machine code is difficult and slow since it is difficult to memorize all the instructions.

Mistakes can happen very easily. Processor and Architecture dependent (different machine

language for different type of CPU) – not portable

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Enables machine code to be represented in words and numbers.

Example of a program in assembly language:LOAD A, 9999LOAD B, 8282SUB BMOV C, A

Easier to understand and memorize (called Mnemonics), compared to machine code but still quite difficult to use.

Cannot be processed directly by a computer, must be converted to machine language using assemblers

Processor and Architecture dependent – not portable

Assembly Language

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LOAD A, 9999LOAD B, 8282SUB BMOV C, A

LOAD A, 9999LOAD B, 8282SUB BMOV C, A

0111001100100011001110011110011100110010

Assembler

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High-Level Language

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Entering, translating, and running a High-Level Language Program

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Integrated Development Environment (IDE) A package that combines a simple word processor

with a compiler, linker and loader.

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C Programming Language

Why 'C' ? Because based on 'B'; developed at Bell Laboratories

Developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Laboratories in the 1960s

In cooperation with Ken Thomson it was used for Unix systems

The C Language was only vaguely defined, not standardized, so that almost everyone had his own perception of it, to such an extend that an urgent need for a standard code was creeping up

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C Programming Language cont…

In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) set up X3J11, a Technical Committee to draft a proposal for the ANSI standard, which was approved in 1989 and referred to as the ANSI/ISO 9899 : 1990 or simply the ANSI C, which is now the global standard for C.

This standard was updated in 1999; but there is no compiler yet

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C – An Imperative Language C is a highly imperative formal language

We must tell it exactly how to do what; the means and functions to use; which libraries to use; when to add a new line; when an instruction is finished; in short: everything and anything…

filename.c

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C++ Programming Language

Created by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labroratories in early 1980s

Is an extension of the C language C++ contains all features of C and new features (C++ a

superset of C) C++ makes object-oriented programming possible. filename.cpp

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A Simple Program in C

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void){

printf("I like programming in C.\n");return (0);

}

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A Simple Program in C - explanation

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void){

printf("I like programming in C.\n");

return (0);}

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standard Library, input-output, header-file

Beginning of the program

End of statement

End of Segment

Start of Segment

Function for printing text

Insert a new line

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C Output

I like programming in C.

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Summary

We have seen some different types of languages; the relevance of semantics and syntax.

We have observed the detail necessary in an imperative language to instruct a computer properly.

Finally, we examined the syntax to print a line of text to the screen of our computer.

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