CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION -...

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208 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: 1. De-Smet, PGAM. The role of plant derived drugs and herbal medicines in healthcare, Drugs. 1997; 54: 801-840. 2. Winslow L, Kroll DJ. Herbs as Medicines, Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998; 158: 2192 - 2199. 3. Gossell M, Simon OR, West ME. The past and the present use of plants for medicines. West Indian Medical Journal. 2006; 55: 217. 4. WHO Technical report series. Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Medicines. 1996; 863: 178-184. 5. Abhishek K, Ashutosh M and Sinha BN. Herbal drugs- present status and efforts to promote and regulate cultivation. The Pharma Review. 2006; 6: 73-77. 6. Harish P. Herbal drugs. Current Science. 2001; 81(1): 15. 7. Catherine C, Crone MD, Thomas N and Wise MD. Use of herbal medicines among consultation-liaison populations. The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. 1998; 39(1): 3- 13. 8. Akerele O.Summary of WHO guidelines for the assessment of herbal medicines,HerbalGram. 1993; 28: 13-19. 9. Benedum J. In Phytopharmaka IV. Rietbrock. 1998; 3. 10. Patwardhan B, Warude D, Pushpangadan P and Bhatt N. Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine: A Comparative OverviewEvidence-Based Complem. Altern. Med. 2005; 2: 465.

Transcript of CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION -...

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION:

1. De-Smet, PGAM. The role of plant derived drugs and herbal medicines in healthcare, Drugs.

1997; 54: 801-840.

2. Winslow L, Kroll DJ. Herbs as Medicines, Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998; 158: 2192 -

2199.

3. Gossell M, Simon OR, West ME. The past and the present use of plants for medicines. West

Indian Medical Journal. 2006; 55: 217.

4. WHO Technical report series. Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Medicines. 1996;

863: 178-184.

5. Abhishek K, Ashutosh M and Sinha BN. Herbal drugs- present status and efforts to promote

and regulate cultivation. The Pharma Review. 2006; 6: 73-77.

6. Harish P. Herbal drugs. Current Science. 2001; 81(1): 15.

7. Catherine C, Crone MD, Thomas N and Wise MD. Use of herbal medicines among

consultation-liaison populations. The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. 1998; 39(1): 3-

13.

8. Akerele O.Summary of WHO guidelines for the assessment of herbal

medicines,HerbalGram. 1993; 28: 13-19.

9. Benedum J. In Phytopharmaka IV. Rietbrock. 1998; 3.

10. Patwardhan B, Warude D, Pushpangadan P and Bhatt N. Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese

Medicine: A Comparative OverviewEvidence-Based Complem. Altern. Med. 2005; 2: 465.

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11. Nortier JL, Martinez MCM, Schmeiser HH, Arlt VM and Bieler A et al., Urothelial

carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi)Engl. J. Medicine.

2000; 342: 1686.

12. Bent S and Ko R. Standardization of herbal medicines. Am. J. Med.2004; 116: 478.

13. Manoj S et al., Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines. The Pharma Review. 2006; 12: 119-

124.

14. Routledge P. 150 Years of pharmacovigilance. The Lancet. 1998; 351: 1200-1201.

15. Bigoniya P. Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines: current status and future strategies. The

Pharma Review. 2009; 5: 77-88.

16. Sukhdev S, Arun N and Kalia AN. Patentability of herbal products: A review. The Pharma

Review. 2008; 4: 118-124.

17. Raskin L et al., Plants and human health in the twenty first century”, Trends in

Biotechnology. 2002; 220(12): 522-531.

18. Sovova M, Sova P (May 2004). Pharmaceutical importance of Allium sativum L. 5.

Hypolipemic effects in vitro and in vivo, Ceska Slov Farm (in Czech) 53 (3): 117–23.

CHAPTERS 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

1. Vinodhini S, Malairajan S and Hazeena B. The Hepatoprotective Effect of Bael Leaves

(Aegle Marmelos) in Alcohol Induced Liver Injury in Albino Rats. International Journal of

Science & Technology. 2007; 2(2): 83-92.

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2. Rajamanickam V. Detoxifying effect of Nelumbo nucifera and Aegle marmelos on

hematological parameters of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Interdiscip. Toxicol. 2010;

3(4): 127–131.

3. Balakumar S, Rajan S , Thirunalasundari T, Jeeva S. Antifungal activity of Aegle marmelos

(L.) Correa (Rutaceae) leaf extract on dermatophytes. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical

Biomedicine. 2011; 309-312.

4. Pushpendra KP, Jyoti S, Lokesh S, Narendra K, Prajapati, Dubey BK Aegle marmelos:A

Review on its Medicinal Properties. Int.J.Pharm.Phytopharmacol.Res. 2012; 1(5): 332-341.

5. Surat L, Chalita P, Cholpisut T, Somsak T, Suphara T and Wanwasan N. Chemical

Constituents from Aegle marmelos.J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 2011; 22(1): 176-178.

6. Rekha W, Jasmine V and Priyadharshini P. In Vitro Propagation of Aegle Marmelos L.

(Corr.) From Mature Trees through Enhanced Axilliary Brancing. Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci.

2010; l 1(3): 669-676.

7. Alka C, Meera A, Sonalika K & Anju M. Antifertility studies of Aegle marmelos Corr., an

Indian medicinal plant on male albino rats. Egyptian Journal of Biology. 2008; 10: 28-35.

8. Rohini SK, Neha SV, Sachin MM. International Journal of Applied Biology and

Pharmaceutical Technology. 2011; 2(1): 154 – 161.

9. Prabhjit K, Amandeep W, Subodh K and Satwinderjeet K. Antigenotoxic Activity of

Polyphenolic Rich Extracts from Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa in Human Blood Lymphocytes

and E.coli PQ 37. Rec. Nat. Prod. 2009; 3(1): 68-75.

10. Dinesh KS, Gaurav K, Karthik L and Bhaskara R. A review on pharmacological and

phytochemical properties of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr. (Rutaceae). Asian Journal of

Plant Science and Research. 2011; 1(2): 8-17.

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11. Purnima S and Debjani G. Aegle Marmelos Enhances Gastric Mucosal Protection: Relevance

for NSAIDS-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury. Al Ame en J Med Sci. 2012 ; 5(3): 243 -255.

12. Sandeep D, Ruhil S, Balhara M, Dhankhar S and Chhillar AK. Aegle marmelos (Linn.)

Correa: A potential source of Phytomedicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011;

5(9): 1497-1507.

13. Arun K, Balasubramanian U. Comparative study on Hepatoprotective activity of Aegle

marmelos and Eclipta alba against alcohol induced in albino rats. International Journal of

Environmental Sciences. 2011; 2(2): 389 – 402.

14. Rajesh K, Ashok K, Chandra SP, Nawal KD and Raju S. Insecticidal Activity Aegle

marmelos (L.) Correa Essential Oil Against Four Stored Grain Insect Pests. Internet Journal

of Food Safety. 2008; 10: 39-49 .

15. Narayan PY, Chanotia CS. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Leaves of Aegle

Marmelos Linn. The Pharma Review. 2009; 144 – 150.

16. Remya M , Sharma RC, Haidar S, Rakshit JUA and Singh S. In vitro effect of Aegle

marmelos on human sperm Motility. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2009; 3(12):

1137-1139.

17. Sevugan A, Subramanian K, Balamuthu K, Abdul BAA, Mohammed AA, Mandali VR.

Antidiabetic activity of leaf and callus extracts of Aegle marmelos in rabbit. ScienceAsia.

2008; 34: 317-321.

18. Nadeem AS, Mohd M, Abdul KN and Mohd A. Evaluation of antioxidant activity,

quantitative estimation of phenols and flavonoids in different parts of Aegle marmelos.

African Journal of Plant Science. 2010; 4(1): 001-005.

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19. Balasubramanian P, Jayalakshmi K, Vidhya N, Prasad R, Khaleefathullah S, Kathiravan G,

K. Rajagopal K and Sripathi MS. Antiviral activity of ancient system of ayurvedic medicinal

plant Cissus quadrangularis L. (Vitaceae). Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy. 2010;

1(1): 37 – 40.

20. Bhagath KP, Kumar MRB,Muddanna SR,Gopalan KN, Mallikarjuna RC,Soubhagya

RN,Manjunatha SM. Petroleum Ether Extract Of Cissus Quadrangularis (Linn.) Enhances

Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation And Facilitates Osteoblastogenesis.

CLINICS. 2009;64(10):993-8.

21. Sarath BK, Jayakumar K, Santhosh JM, Chakravarthy K, Ashok P. Antioxidant activity of

cissus quadrangularis on sodium perchlorate-induced oxidative damage in rats. Int J Med

Health Sci. 2012; 1(1): 13 – 18.

22. Krunal VN, Jignesh K and Sumitra VC. Pharmacognostical And Phytochemical Evaluation

of Stem of Cissus Quadrangularis L. IJPSR. 2011; 2(11): 2856-2862.

23. Bhagath KP, Muddanna SR, Gopalan KN, Mallikarjuna RC, Soubhagya RN, Huban T. Anti-

osteoporotic Activity of the Petroleum Ether Extract of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. in

Ovariectomized Wistar Rats. Chang Gung Med J. 2010; 33(3): 252 – 257.

24. Vijayakumari P, Shanthi K , Bharathi K, Kayalvizhi J, Muruganantham G, Sethuraman M

and V.Thirumurugan. Studies on the Physico-Phytochemical and Anti-diabetic Properties of

Cissus quadrangularis l. and Solanum torvum swartz. Int. J. of Drug Discovery & Herbal

Research. 2012; 2(1): 323-328.

25. Shah U. Pharmacognostical investigation on Cissus quadrangularis linn. International

Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2010; 1(3): 1 – 5.

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26. Merinal S and Viji SBG. In-vitroscreening of antimicrobial potentials of Cissus

quadrangularis L. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research. 2012; 2 (1): 58-62.

27. Deka DK, Lahon LC, Saikia J, Mukit A. The Effect Of Clssus Quadrangular/S In

Accelerating Healing Process of Experimentally Fractured Radius-Ulna Of Dog: A

Preliminary Study. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 1994; 26: 44 – 45.

28. Ashutosh M, Anuj KA, Amiya RP. Indian Medicinal Plant Cissus quadrangularis Linn. An

Ethnobotanical And Ethnomedicinal Review. Herbal Tech Industry. 2010; 15 – 17.

29. Viswanatha Swamy AHM, Thippeswamy AHM, Manjula DV and Mahendra Kumar CB.

Some Neuropharmacological Effects of the Methanolic Root Extract of Cissus

Quadrangularis in Mice. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 2006; 9: 69 – 75.

30. Ngo Bum E, Ngoupaye GT, Talla E, Dimo T, Nkantchoua GCN, Pelanken MM and Taiwe

GS. Anticonvulsant and sedative properties of stems of Cissus quadrangularis in mice.

African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2008; 2(3): 042-047.

31. Sukij P, Surath S, Chairath S, Charuwan M. Experimental Comparative Study of the Efficacy

and Side Effects of Cissus quadrangularisL. (Vitaceae) to Daflon (Servier) and Placebo in

the Treatment of Acute Hemorrhoids. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010; 93( 12): 1360 – 1367.

32. E.Mohanambal , K.Shobana , M. Sowmya Sree , G.M.Kusuma , K.Satish & B.Vijayakumar

. Isolation of Alcoholic Extract of Cissus Quadrangularis and Evaluation of In- Vitro

Anthelmintic Activity. Internationl journal of novel trends in pharmaceutical scicences. 2011;

1(1): 6-9.

33. Achal Thakur, Vandana Jain, L Hingorani, KS LaddhaPhytochemical Studies on Cissus

quadrangularis Linn.Pharmacognosy research.2009; 1(4) : 213-215.

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34. Ampai Panthong, Wanicha Supraditaporn, Duangta Kanjanapothi, Tawat Taesotikul, Vichai

Reutrakul,Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and venotonic effects of Cissus quadrangularis

Linn.Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007; 110 (2) : 264–270.

35. Klaokwan Srisook, Mullika Palachot ,Nadtaya Mongkol , Ekaruth Srisook , Songklod

Sarapusit . Anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl acetate extract from Cissus quadrangularis

Linn may be involved with induction of heme oxygenase-1 and suppression of NF-κB

activation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011; 133(3): 1008–1014.

36. Emmanuel T. Nyahangare, Thokozani Hove, Brighton M. Mvumi, Humphrey

,Hamudikuwanda1, Steven R. Belmain, James Madzimure1 and Philip C. Stevenson. Acute

mammalian toxicity of four pesticidal plants. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2012 ;

6(13): 2674-2680.

37. Enechi, O.C., Igbonekwu Celestina N and Ugwu Okechukwu P.C. Effects of ethanol extract of Cissus

quadrangularis on induced gastric ulcer in rats. Afrinal of biotechnology. 2013; 12 (43) : 6197-6202.

38. Suresh Kumar, Reecha Madaan, Gundeep Bansal, Anupam Jamwal, Anupam Sharma.Plants and

Plant Products with Potential Anticonvulsant Activity – A Review. Pharmacognosy Communications.

2012; 2 (1): 3-97.

39. Arumugam S, Palanivelu A, Retnasamy G and Ramaiyan D.Study on the anti-seizure

activities of inner bark of Guettarda speciosa (L.). Iranian journal of pharmacology &

therapeutics. 2009; 8: 73-76.

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CHAPTER 3 EXTRACTION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS:

1. Evans WC. Pharmacognosy, 16th edition. Saunders Elsevier, Edinburgh. 2009; 3-4.

2. Barrett M. The Hand Book of Clinically Tested Herbal Remedies, 1st edition, CBS

Publishers and Distributers, New Delhi. 2007; 3-6.

3. Sharma PC, Bhatia V et al., A Review on Bael Tree. Natural Product Radiance. 2007; 6(2): 171-

178.

4. Yadav NP, Chanotia CS. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Leaves of Aegle

marmelosLinn. The Pharma Review. 2009; 144-149.

5. Nugroho AE, Riyanto S et al., Effects of Aegline a Main Alkaloid of Aegale Marmelos Correa

Leaves, on The Histamine Release from Mast Cells. Pak. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science.

2011; 24(3): 359-367.

6. Nugroho AE, Riyanto S et al., Effect of Skimmianine, A Quinoline Alkaloid of Aegle marmelos

Correa Root, on the Histamine Release from Rat Mast Cell. Journal of Basic and Applied

Science. 2010; 6(2): 141-148.

7. Johnson M. Biochemical Variation Studies in Aegle marmelos (L) Corr-A Medicinally Important

Plant. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2010; 2(6): 454-462.

8. Indian Medicinal Plants, Orient Longman Ltd., Madras. 1992; 2: 112.

9. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 1st edition Government of India, Ministry of Health and

Family Welfare, New Delhi. 2000; 1(I): 21, 22, 390, A-100.

10. The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw materials and Industrial Products, CSIR, New

Delhi. 2000b; III: 593-594.

11. Quality control Methods for Medicinal plant Materials, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1st.,

A.I.B.T.S. publishers and Distributors, New Delhi: 2002; 68-69.

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12. Paulsen BS, Sekou B, Drissa D, Ann JK, Adsersen A. Antiplasmodial and GABAA-

benzodiazepine receptor binding activities of five plants used in traditional medicine in Mali,

West Africa. Journal of Ethnophramacology. 2007; 110: 451-457.

CHAPTER 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY:

1. Sharma BK. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis. 26th edition, GOEL Publishing

House, Meerut. 2007; 401.

2. Kokate CK. Practical Pharmacognosy, IV edition, M.K.Jain, Vallabh Prakashan, Delhi. 1994;

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3. Laurence MH, Christopher JM. Experimental organic chemistry: Principles and Practice.

159–173.

4. Vogel AI. Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry. 5th Edition.

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6. Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods - A guide to Modern Technique of plant analysis. 3rd

edition, Springer publication. 2007; 52-80.

7. Clarke’s Isolation and Identification of drugs. II edition, The plant pharmaceutical Press,

London. 1986; 90-95.

8. Beckett AH and Stan JB. (2005). Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, IV edition, CBS

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CHAPTER 5 ACUTE TOXICITY AND CHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES:

1. Rhodes C, Thomas M, Athis J. Principles of testing for acute toxic effects. In:

General and Applied Toxicology. Stockton Press (New York), 1993; 49-87.

2. OECD, 2002. Acute oral toxic class method guideline 423 adopted 23.03.1996. In:

Eleventh Addendum to the, OECD, guidelines for the testing of chemicals Organisation

for Economical Co-operation and Development, Paris, June, 2000; 253-270.

3. Hodgson E and Smart RC. eds. Introduction to Biochemical Toxicology, 3rd ed. New York:

Wiley, 2001.

4. Hodgson E, Mailman RB, and Chambers JE. Dictionary of Toxicology, 2nd ed. London:

Macmillan, 1998; 508.

5. Klaassen CD. ed. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 6 th ed.

New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 2001; 1123-1140.

6. Timbrell JA. Principles of Biochemical Toxicology, 3rd ed. London: Taylor and Francis,

2000. 299-305.

7. Wexler P. Information Resources in Toxicology, 3rd ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 2000;

1235-1238.

8. Mukinda JT, Syce JA.Acute and chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Artemisia afra

in rodents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007; 112: 138–144.

9. Uhe G. Medicinal plants of Samoa. A preliminary survey of the use of plants for medicinal

purposes in the Samoan Islands. Econ. Bot. 1974; 28: 1-30

10. Crossland J, In: Lewis Pharmacology, 5th edn, Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh, 1980; 656.

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12. Wintrobe MM, Lee GR, Goggs DR, Forester J, In: Clinical Hematology, Lee and Febiger,

Philadelphia, 7th ed, 1994; 49.

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inmice and rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacolog. 2008; 115:131–139.

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University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1998.

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California 1973.

18. Adeneye AA, Ajagbonna OP, Adeleke TI, Bello, S.O. Preliminary toxicity and

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Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006; 105: 374–379.

19. Hilaly EJ, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. Acute and chronic toxicological studies of Ajuga Iva in

experimental animals. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004; 91: 43–50.

20. Rahman M., Siddiqui MK, Jamil K. Effects of Vepacide (Azadirachta indica) on aspartate

and alanine aminotransferase profiles in a sub chronic study with rats. Journal of Human and

Experimental Toxicology. 2001; 20: 243–249.

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John Wiley & Sons, USA. 1972

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CHAPTER 6 ANTI MICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXICITY STUDIES:

1. Burapadaja S, Bunchoo A. Antimicrobial activity of tannins from Terminalia citrina. Planta

Medica. 1995; 61: 365–366.

2. Adenisa SK, Idowu O, Ogundaini AO, Oladimeji H, Olugbade TA, Onawunmi GO, Pais M.

Antimicrobial constituents of the leaves of Acalypha wilkesiana and Acalypha hispida.

Phytother Res. 2000; 14: 371–374.

3. Graybill JR. Systemic fungal infections: diagnosis and treatment. Therapeutic agents.

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1988: 805–825.

4. Dean DA, Burchard KW. Fungal infection in surgical patients. Am J Surg. 1996; 171: 374–

382.

5. Gonzalez CE, Venzon D, Lee S, Mueller BU, Pizzo PA, Walsh TJ. Risk factors for fungemia

in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a case-control study. Clin Infect

Dis. 1996; 23: 515–521.

6. Sieradzki K, Wu SW, Tomasz A. Inactivation of the methicillin resistance gene mecA in

vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Micro Drug Resist. 1999; 5(4): 253–257.

7. Yusuf M, Chowdhury JU, Wahab MA. and Begum J. Medicinal plants of Bangladesh.

Premirer enterprise, Chittagong. 1994, 8-149.

8. Dranghon FA. Use of botanicals as biopreservatives in foods. Food Technol. 2004; 58: 20-

28.

9. Uniyal SK, Singh KN, Jamwal P and Lal B. Aloe ferox and Withan ia somnifera inhibit

Traditional use of medicinal plants among the tribal Candida albicans and Neisseria

gonorrhoea. Communities of Chhota Bhangal, Western Himalayan. African J. Biotechnol. 2006;

7: 12-15.J.

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10. Bollinger WH. Natural plant chemicals: activity of Oxalis corniculata: A known medicinal

Sources of Industrial and Medicinal materials. Plant. My. Science. 1985; 1: 72-78.

11. Towers GHN. Screening of selected antifungal activity of some South African medicinal

plants of Nepal for antimicrobial activities. Plants. S. Afri. J. Bot. 1995; 68: 72-76.

12. Palombo EA and Semple SJ. Antibacterialactivity of traditional medicinal plants. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology. 2001; 77: 151-157.

13. Mukesh Kr. Singh, Pankaj Sahu, K. Nagori, D. Dewangan, T. Kumar. A. Alexander, H.

Badwaik and D.K Tripathi.Organoleptic properties in-vitro and in-vivo pharmacological

activities of Calendula officinalis Linn: An over review. Journal of Chemical and

Pharmaceutical Research. 2011; 3(4):655-663

14. Samuelsson G. Drugs of natural origin: a textbook of pharmacognosy.4th

ed., Stockholm,

Swedish Pharmaceu-tical Press, 1999.

15. Cragg GM, Newman DJ, Snader KM. Natural products in drug discovery and development.

Journal of Natural Products. 1997; 60: 52-60.

16. Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Plants as source of anticancer agents. Journal of

Ethnopharmacology. 2005; 100: 72-79.

17. Kappor LD. CRC Handbook of ayurvedic medicinal plants. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press,

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18. Farnsworth NR, Akerele O, Bingel AS, Soejarto DD, Guo Z. Medicinal plants in therapy.

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20. Balunas MJ, Kinghorn AD. Drug discovery from medicinal plants Life Sci. 2005; 78: 431-

441.

21. Richardson MA. Biopharmacologic and herbal therapies for cancer: research update from

NCCAMJ. Nutr. 2001; 131(11): 3037S-3040S

22. Itharat A, Houghton PJ, Eno-Amooquaye E, Burke PJ, Sampson JH, Raman A In vitro

cytotoxic activity of Thai medicinal plants used traditionally to treat cancer Journal of

Ethnopharmacology. 2004; 90: 33-38

23. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P. Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin.

2005, 55; 74-108.

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