CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION -...
Transcript of CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION -...
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION:
1. De-Smet, PGAM. The role of plant derived drugs and herbal medicines in healthcare, Drugs.
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2. Winslow L, Kroll DJ. Herbs as Medicines, Archives of Internal Medicine. 1998; 158: 2192 -
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3. Gossell M, Simon OR, West ME. The past and the present use of plants for medicines. West
Indian Medical Journal. 2006; 55: 217.
4. WHO Technical report series. Guidelines for the Assessment of Herbal Medicines. 1996;
863: 178-184.
5. Abhishek K, Ashutosh M and Sinha BN. Herbal drugs- present status and efforts to promote
and regulate cultivation. The Pharma Review. 2006; 6: 73-77.
6. Harish P. Herbal drugs. Current Science. 2001; 81(1): 15.
7. Catherine C, Crone MD, Thomas N and Wise MD. Use of herbal medicines among
consultation-liaison populations. The Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine. 1998; 39(1): 3-
13.
8. Akerele O.Summary of WHO guidelines for the assessment of herbal
medicines,HerbalGram. 1993; 28: 13-19.
9. Benedum J. In Phytopharmaka IV. Rietbrock. 1998; 3.
10. Patwardhan B, Warude D, Pushpangadan P and Bhatt N. Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese
Medicine: A Comparative OverviewEvidence-Based Complem. Altern. Med. 2005; 2: 465.
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11. Nortier JL, Martinez MCM, Schmeiser HH, Arlt VM and Bieler A et al., Urothelial
carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi)Engl. J. Medicine.
2000; 342: 1686.
12. Bent S and Ko R. Standardization of herbal medicines. Am. J. Med.2004; 116: 478.
13. Manoj S et al., Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines. The Pharma Review. 2006; 12: 119-
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14. Routledge P. 150 Years of pharmacovigilance. The Lancet. 1998; 351: 1200-1201.
15. Bigoniya P. Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines: current status and future strategies. The
Pharma Review. 2009; 5: 77-88.
16. Sukhdev S, Arun N and Kalia AN. Patentability of herbal products: A review. The Pharma
Review. 2008; 4: 118-124.
17. Raskin L et al., Plants and human health in the twenty first century”, Trends in
Biotechnology. 2002; 220(12): 522-531.
18. Sovova M, Sova P (May 2004). Pharmaceutical importance of Allium sativum L. 5.
Hypolipemic effects in vitro and in vivo, Ceska Slov Farm (in Czech) 53 (3): 117–23.
CHAPTERS 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
1. Vinodhini S, Malairajan S and Hazeena B. The Hepatoprotective Effect of Bael Leaves
(Aegle Marmelos) in Alcohol Induced Liver Injury in Albino Rats. International Journal of
Science & Technology. 2007; 2(2): 83-92.
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2. Rajamanickam V. Detoxifying effect of Nelumbo nucifera and Aegle marmelos on
hematological parameters of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Interdiscip. Toxicol. 2010;
3(4): 127–131.
3. Balakumar S, Rajan S , Thirunalasundari T, Jeeva S. Antifungal activity of Aegle marmelos
(L.) Correa (Rutaceae) leaf extract on dermatophytes. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical
Biomedicine. 2011; 309-312.
4. Pushpendra KP, Jyoti S, Lokesh S, Narendra K, Prajapati, Dubey BK Aegle marmelos:A
Review on its Medicinal Properties. Int.J.Pharm.Phytopharmacol.Res. 2012; 1(5): 332-341.
5. Surat L, Chalita P, Cholpisut T, Somsak T, Suphara T and Wanwasan N. Chemical
Constituents from Aegle marmelos.J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 2011; 22(1): 176-178.
6. Rekha W, Jasmine V and Priyadharshini P. In Vitro Propagation of Aegle Marmelos L.
(Corr.) From Mature Trees through Enhanced Axilliary Brancing. Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci.
2010; l 1(3): 669-676.
7. Alka C, Meera A, Sonalika K & Anju M. Antifertility studies of Aegle marmelos Corr., an
Indian medicinal plant on male albino rats. Egyptian Journal of Biology. 2008; 10: 28-35.
8. Rohini SK, Neha SV, Sachin MM. International Journal of Applied Biology and
Pharmaceutical Technology. 2011; 2(1): 154 – 161.
9. Prabhjit K, Amandeep W, Subodh K and Satwinderjeet K. Antigenotoxic Activity of
Polyphenolic Rich Extracts from Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa in Human Blood Lymphocytes
and E.coli PQ 37. Rec. Nat. Prod. 2009; 3(1): 68-75.
10. Dinesh KS, Gaurav K, Karthik L and Bhaskara R. A review on pharmacological and
phytochemical properties of Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr. (Rutaceae). Asian Journal of
Plant Science and Research. 2011; 1(2): 8-17.
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11. Purnima S and Debjani G. Aegle Marmelos Enhances Gastric Mucosal Protection: Relevance
for NSAIDS-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury. Al Ame en J Med Sci. 2012 ; 5(3): 243 -255.
12. Sandeep D, Ruhil S, Balhara M, Dhankhar S and Chhillar AK. Aegle marmelos (Linn.)
Correa: A potential source of Phytomedicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011;
5(9): 1497-1507.
13. Arun K, Balasubramanian U. Comparative study on Hepatoprotective activity of Aegle
marmelos and Eclipta alba against alcohol induced in albino rats. International Journal of
Environmental Sciences. 2011; 2(2): 389 – 402.
14. Rajesh K, Ashok K, Chandra SP, Nawal KD and Raju S. Insecticidal Activity Aegle
marmelos (L.) Correa Essential Oil Against Four Stored Grain Insect Pests. Internet Journal
of Food Safety. 2008; 10: 39-49 .
15. Narayan PY, Chanotia CS. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Leaves of Aegle
Marmelos Linn. The Pharma Review. 2009; 144 – 150.
16. Remya M , Sharma RC, Haidar S, Rakshit JUA and Singh S. In vitro effect of Aegle
marmelos on human sperm Motility. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2009; 3(12):
1137-1139.
17. Sevugan A, Subramanian K, Balamuthu K, Abdul BAA, Mohammed AA, Mandali VR.
Antidiabetic activity of leaf and callus extracts of Aegle marmelos in rabbit. ScienceAsia.
2008; 34: 317-321.
18. Nadeem AS, Mohd M, Abdul KN and Mohd A. Evaluation of antioxidant activity,
quantitative estimation of phenols and flavonoids in different parts of Aegle marmelos.
African Journal of Plant Science. 2010; 4(1): 001-005.
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19. Balasubramanian P, Jayalakshmi K, Vidhya N, Prasad R, Khaleefathullah S, Kathiravan G,
K. Rajagopal K and Sripathi MS. Antiviral activity of ancient system of ayurvedic medicinal
plant Cissus quadrangularis L. (Vitaceae). Journal of Basic and Clinical Pharmacy. 2010;
1(1): 37 – 40.
20. Bhagath KP, Kumar MRB,Muddanna SR,Gopalan KN, Mallikarjuna RC,Soubhagya
RN,Manjunatha SM. Petroleum Ether Extract Of Cissus Quadrangularis (Linn.) Enhances
Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation And Facilitates Osteoblastogenesis.
CLINICS. 2009;64(10):993-8.
21. Sarath BK, Jayakumar K, Santhosh JM, Chakravarthy K, Ashok P. Antioxidant activity of
cissus quadrangularis on sodium perchlorate-induced oxidative damage in rats. Int J Med
Health Sci. 2012; 1(1): 13 – 18.
22. Krunal VN, Jignesh K and Sumitra VC. Pharmacognostical And Phytochemical Evaluation
of Stem of Cissus Quadrangularis L. IJPSR. 2011; 2(11): 2856-2862.
23. Bhagath KP, Muddanna SR, Gopalan KN, Mallikarjuna RC, Soubhagya RN, Huban T. Anti-
osteoporotic Activity of the Petroleum Ether Extract of Cissus quadrangularis Linn. in
Ovariectomized Wistar Rats. Chang Gung Med J. 2010; 33(3): 252 – 257.
24. Vijayakumari P, Shanthi K , Bharathi K, Kayalvizhi J, Muruganantham G, Sethuraman M
and V.Thirumurugan. Studies on the Physico-Phytochemical and Anti-diabetic Properties of
Cissus quadrangularis l. and Solanum torvum swartz. Int. J. of Drug Discovery & Herbal
Research. 2012; 2(1): 323-328.
25. Shah U. Pharmacognostical investigation on Cissus quadrangularis linn. International
Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2010; 1(3): 1 – 5.
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26. Merinal S and Viji SBG. In-vitroscreening of antimicrobial potentials of Cissus
quadrangularis L. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research. 2012; 2 (1): 58-62.
27. Deka DK, Lahon LC, Saikia J, Mukit A. The Effect Of Clssus Quadrangular/S In
Accelerating Healing Process of Experimentally Fractured Radius-Ulna Of Dog: A
Preliminary Study. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 1994; 26: 44 – 45.
28. Ashutosh M, Anuj KA, Amiya RP. Indian Medicinal Plant Cissus quadrangularis Linn. An
Ethnobotanical And Ethnomedicinal Review. Herbal Tech Industry. 2010; 15 – 17.
29. Viswanatha Swamy AHM, Thippeswamy AHM, Manjula DV and Mahendra Kumar CB.
Some Neuropharmacological Effects of the Methanolic Root Extract of Cissus
Quadrangularis in Mice. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 2006; 9: 69 – 75.
30. Ngo Bum E, Ngoupaye GT, Talla E, Dimo T, Nkantchoua GCN, Pelanken MM and Taiwe
GS. Anticonvulsant and sedative properties of stems of Cissus quadrangularis in mice.
African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2008; 2(3): 042-047.
31. Sukij P, Surath S, Chairath S, Charuwan M. Experimental Comparative Study of the Efficacy
and Side Effects of Cissus quadrangularisL. (Vitaceae) to Daflon (Servier) and Placebo in
the Treatment of Acute Hemorrhoids. J Med Assoc Thai. 2010; 93( 12): 1360 – 1367.
32. E.Mohanambal , K.Shobana , M. Sowmya Sree , G.M.Kusuma , K.Satish & B.Vijayakumar
. Isolation of Alcoholic Extract of Cissus Quadrangularis and Evaluation of In- Vitro
Anthelmintic Activity. Internationl journal of novel trends in pharmaceutical scicences. 2011;
1(1): 6-9.
33. Achal Thakur, Vandana Jain, L Hingorani, KS LaddhaPhytochemical Studies on Cissus
quadrangularis Linn.Pharmacognosy research.2009; 1(4) : 213-215.
214
34. Ampai Panthong, Wanicha Supraditaporn, Duangta Kanjanapothi, Tawat Taesotikul, Vichai
Reutrakul,Analgesic, anti-inflammatory and venotonic effects of Cissus quadrangularis
Linn.Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007; 110 (2) : 264–270.
35. Klaokwan Srisook, Mullika Palachot ,Nadtaya Mongkol , Ekaruth Srisook , Songklod
Sarapusit . Anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl acetate extract from Cissus quadrangularis
Linn may be involved with induction of heme oxygenase-1 and suppression of NF-κB
activation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2011; 133(3): 1008–1014.
36. Emmanuel T. Nyahangare, Thokozani Hove, Brighton M. Mvumi, Humphrey
,Hamudikuwanda1, Steven R. Belmain, James Madzimure1 and Philip C. Stevenson. Acute
mammalian toxicity of four pesticidal plants. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2012 ;
6(13): 2674-2680.
37. Enechi, O.C., Igbonekwu Celestina N and Ugwu Okechukwu P.C. Effects of ethanol extract of Cissus
quadrangularis on induced gastric ulcer in rats. Afrinal of biotechnology. 2013; 12 (43) : 6197-6202.
38. Suresh Kumar, Reecha Madaan, Gundeep Bansal, Anupam Jamwal, Anupam Sharma.Plants and
Plant Products with Potential Anticonvulsant Activity – A Review. Pharmacognosy Communications.
2012; 2 (1): 3-97.
39. Arumugam S, Palanivelu A, Retnasamy G and Ramaiyan D.Study on the anti-seizure
activities of inner bark of Guettarda speciosa (L.). Iranian journal of pharmacology &
therapeutics. 2009; 8: 73-76.
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CHAPTER 3 EXTRACTION AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS:
1. Evans WC. Pharmacognosy, 16th edition. Saunders Elsevier, Edinburgh. 2009; 3-4.
2. Barrett M. The Hand Book of Clinically Tested Herbal Remedies, 1st edition, CBS
Publishers and Distributers, New Delhi. 2007; 3-6.
3. Sharma PC, Bhatia V et al., A Review on Bael Tree. Natural Product Radiance. 2007; 6(2): 171-
178.
4. Yadav NP, Chanotia CS. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Leaves of Aegle
marmelosLinn. The Pharma Review. 2009; 144-149.
5. Nugroho AE, Riyanto S et al., Effects of Aegline a Main Alkaloid of Aegale Marmelos Correa
Leaves, on The Histamine Release from Mast Cells. Pak. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science.
2011; 24(3): 359-367.
6. Nugroho AE, Riyanto S et al., Effect of Skimmianine, A Quinoline Alkaloid of Aegle marmelos
Correa Root, on the Histamine Release from Rat Mast Cell. Journal of Basic and Applied
Science. 2010; 6(2): 141-148.
7. Johnson M. Biochemical Variation Studies in Aegle marmelos (L) Corr-A Medicinally Important
Plant. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2010; 2(6): 454-462.
8. Indian Medicinal Plants, Orient Longman Ltd., Madras. 1992; 2: 112.
9. The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 1st edition Government of India, Ministry of Health and
Family Welfare, New Delhi. 2000; 1(I): 21, 22, 390, A-100.
10. The Wealth of India: A Dictionary of Indian Raw materials and Industrial Products, CSIR, New
Delhi. 2000b; III: 593-594.
11. Quality control Methods for Medicinal plant Materials, World Health Organization, Geneva, 1st.,
A.I.B.T.S. publishers and Distributors, New Delhi: 2002; 68-69.
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12. Paulsen BS, Sekou B, Drissa D, Ann JK, Adsersen A. Antiplasmodial and GABAA-
benzodiazepine receptor binding activities of five plants used in traditional medicine in Mali,
West Africa. Journal of Ethnophramacology. 2007; 110: 451-457.
CHAPTER 4 OBJECTIVES OF THE PRESENT STUDY:
1. Sharma BK. Instrumental methods of chemical analysis. 26th edition, GOEL Publishing
House, Meerut. 2007; 401.
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3. Laurence MH, Christopher JM. Experimental organic chemistry: Principles and Practice.
159–173.
4. Vogel AI. Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry. 5th Edition.
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6. Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods - A guide to Modern Technique of plant analysis. 3rd
edition, Springer publication. 2007; 52-80.
7. Clarke’s Isolation and Identification of drugs. II edition, The plant pharmaceutical Press,
London. 1986; 90-95.
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CHAPTER 5 ACUTE TOXICITY AND CHRONIC TOXICITY STUDIES:
1. Rhodes C, Thomas M, Athis J. Principles of testing for acute toxic effects. In:
General and Applied Toxicology. Stockton Press (New York), 1993; 49-87.
2. OECD, 2002. Acute oral toxic class method guideline 423 adopted 23.03.1996. In:
Eleventh Addendum to the, OECD, guidelines for the testing of chemicals Organisation
for Economical Co-operation and Development, Paris, June, 2000; 253-270.
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Wiley, 2001.
4. Hodgson E, Mailman RB, and Chambers JE. Dictionary of Toxicology, 2nd ed. London:
Macmillan, 1998; 508.
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New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 2001; 1123-1140.
6. Timbrell JA. Principles of Biochemical Toxicology, 3rd ed. London: Taylor and Francis,
2000. 299-305.
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1235-1238.
8. Mukinda JT, Syce JA.Acute and chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Artemisia afra
in rodents. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007; 112: 138–144.
9. Uhe G. Medicinal plants of Samoa. A preliminary survey of the use of plants for medicinal
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McGraw Hill, WA. 1968.
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Audi EA.Preliminarytoxicitystudyofdichloromethane extract of Kielmeyera coriacea stems
inmice and rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacolog. 2008; 115:131–139.
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University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1998.
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California 1973.
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Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006; 105: 374–379.
19. Hilaly EJ, Israili ZH, Lyoussi B. Acute and chronic toxicological studies of Ajuga Iva in
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CHAPTER 6 ANTI MICROBIAL AND CYTOTOXICITY STUDIES:
1. Burapadaja S, Bunchoo A. Antimicrobial activity of tannins from Terminalia citrina. Planta
Medica. 1995; 61: 365–366.
2. Adenisa SK, Idowu O, Ogundaini AO, Oladimeji H, Olugbade TA, Onawunmi GO, Pais M.
Antimicrobial constituents of the leaves of Acalypha wilkesiana and Acalypha hispida.
Phytother Res. 2000; 14: 371–374.
3. Graybill JR. Systemic fungal infections: diagnosis and treatment. Therapeutic agents.
Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 1988: 805–825.
4. Dean DA, Burchard KW. Fungal infection in surgical patients. Am J Surg. 1996; 171: 374–
382.
5. Gonzalez CE, Venzon D, Lee S, Mueller BU, Pizzo PA, Walsh TJ. Risk factors for fungemia
in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a case-control study. Clin Infect
Dis. 1996; 23: 515–521.
6. Sieradzki K, Wu SW, Tomasz A. Inactivation of the methicillin resistance gene mecA in
vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Micro Drug Resist. 1999; 5(4): 253–257.
7. Yusuf M, Chowdhury JU, Wahab MA. and Begum J. Medicinal plants of Bangladesh.
Premirer enterprise, Chittagong. 1994, 8-149.
8. Dranghon FA. Use of botanicals as biopreservatives in foods. Food Technol. 2004; 58: 20-
28.
9. Uniyal SK, Singh KN, Jamwal P and Lal B. Aloe ferox and Withan ia somnifera inhibit
Traditional use of medicinal plants among the tribal Candida albicans and Neisseria
gonorrhoea. Communities of Chhota Bhangal, Western Himalayan. African J. Biotechnol. 2006;
7: 12-15.J.
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10. Bollinger WH. Natural plant chemicals: activity of Oxalis corniculata: A known medicinal
Sources of Industrial and Medicinal materials. Plant. My. Science. 1985; 1: 72-78.
11. Towers GHN. Screening of selected antifungal activity of some South African medicinal
plants of Nepal for antimicrobial activities. Plants. S. Afri. J. Bot. 1995; 68: 72-76.
12. Palombo EA and Semple SJ. Antibacterialactivity of traditional medicinal plants. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology. 2001; 77: 151-157.
13. Mukesh Kr. Singh, Pankaj Sahu, K. Nagori, D. Dewangan, T. Kumar. A. Alexander, H.
Badwaik and D.K Tripathi.Organoleptic properties in-vitro and in-vivo pharmacological
activities of Calendula officinalis Linn: An over review. Journal of Chemical and
Pharmaceutical Research. 2011; 3(4):655-663
14. Samuelsson G. Drugs of natural origin: a textbook of pharmacognosy.4th
ed., Stockholm,
Swedish Pharmaceu-tical Press, 1999.
15. Cragg GM, Newman DJ, Snader KM. Natural products in drug discovery and development.
Journal of Natural Products. 1997; 60: 52-60.
16. Cragg GM, Newman DJ. Plants as source of anticancer agents. Journal of
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17. Kappor LD. CRC Handbook of ayurvedic medicinal plants. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC Press,
1990, 416-17.
18. Farnsworth NR, Akerele O, Bingel AS, Soejarto DD, Guo Z. Medicinal plants in therapy.
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20. Balunas MJ, Kinghorn AD. Drug discovery from medicinal plants Life Sci. 2005; 78: 431-
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21. Richardson MA. Biopharmacologic and herbal therapies for cancer: research update from
NCCAMJ. Nutr. 2001; 131(11): 3037S-3040S
22. Itharat A, Houghton PJ, Eno-Amooquaye E, Burke PJ, Sampson JH, Raman A In vitro
cytotoxic activity of Thai medicinal plants used traditionally to treat cancer Journal of
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CHAPTER 7 INVITRO AND INVIVO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY:
1. Hargguchi H. Anti-oxidative plant constituents. In Bioactive compounds from natural
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17. Hu C. Kitts DD. Studies on the antioxidant activity of Echinacea root extract. J. Agric. Food
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