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Fall 2007

Heru Wijayanto, MM. MBA

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IntroductionIntroduction

Computers areshowingup

everywhereyou look, andeveninplacesyoucan'tsee.

Thecomputerisrapidlybecoming.

There aredifferentkindsofcomputersfordifferentpurposes

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A computer is an

electronic device thatexecutes the

instructions in a

program.

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ComputerComputer

Acomputerhasfourfunctions:

a. accepts data - Input

b. processes data - Processing

c. produces output - Output

d. stores results - Storage

Input

Output

Processing

TheInformationProcessingCycle

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SomeBeginningTermsSomeBeginningTerms

Hardware

thephysical partsofthecomputer.

Software

theprograms (instructions)thattell thecomputerwhattodoData

individual facts likefirstname,price, quantityordered

Information

datawhichhas beenmassagedinto a useful form, like a complete

mailing addressDefault

theoriginal settings;whatwill happenifyoudon'tchange anything.

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What makes a computer powerful?What makes a computer powerful?

Speed

Acomputercando billionsofactionspersecond.

Reliability

Failures areusuallyduetohumanerror,onewayor another. (Blush forus all!)

Storage

Acomputercankeephuge amountsofdata.

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MainframeMainframe

Themainframe is theworkhorse of the businessworld. A main frame is theheart of a network ofcomputers or terminals

which allows hundreds ofpeople to work at the sametime on the same data. It

requires a specialenvironment - cold and dry.

Supercomputers

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ComputerHardwareBasicComputerHardwareBasic

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InsidetheCPUInsidetheCPU

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Microprocessors:The Main Engine

Themicroprocessoristhe brainsinsideyoursystem.Itprocessesall theinstructionsnecessaryforyourcomputertoperformitsduties.Themorepowerful themicroprocessorchip,thefaster andmoreefficientlyyoursystemruns.

Differentcomputershavedifferenttypesofmicroprocessorchips. (INTEL andAMD)

In additiontohavingdifferentchipmanufacturers (anddifferentchipfamiliesfromthesamemanufacturer),

you'll alsorunintomicroprocessorchipsthatrun atdifferentspeeds.CPUspeedtodayismeasuredingigahertz (GHz).

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ComputerMemory:TemporaryStorageComputerMemory:TemporaryStorage

Memoryismeasuredintermsofbytes.Onebyteisequal toapproximatelyonecharacterin awordprocessingdocument.

Aunitequaling approximatelyonethousandbytes (1,024,to beexact)iscalled a kilobyte (KB), and a unitofapproximatelyonethousand (1,024)

kilobytesiscalled amegabyte (MB).Athousandmegabytesis a gigabyte(GB).

Mostcomputerstodaycomewith atleast 256MB ofmemory, andit'snotuncommontofindmachineswith 1GBormore.Toenableyourcomputertorun asmanyprograms as quickly as

possible,youneed asmuchmemoryinstalledinyoursystem asitcanacceptorthatyoucan afford.

Ifyourcomputerdoesn'tpossessenoughmemory,itsCPUmust

constantlyretrievedata frompermanentstorageonitsharddisk.Infact,ifyourmachinedoesn'thave

enoughmemory,someprogramswillrunveryslowly (oryoumightexperiencerandomsystemcrashes),

andotherprogramswon'trun at all!

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Hard Disk Drives: LongHard Disk Drives: Long--Term StorageTerm Storage

Aharddiskconsistsofnumerousmetallicplatters.Theseplattersstoredatamagnetically.

Beforedata can bestoredon any

disk,includingyoursystem'sharddisk,thatdiskmustfirst beformatted.Adiskthathasnot beenformattedcannot acceptanydata.

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1. All data is erased.

Don't forget this!!

2. Surfaces are checked

for physical and

magnetic defects.

3. A root directory is

created to list where

things are on the disk.

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Step Measured as: Click to start and stop

animations

1. seek

move the head to proper

track

seek time

(ms)

2. rotaterotate disk under the head to

the correct sector

rotational delay(ms)

3. settle

head lowers to disk;

wait for vibrations from

moving to stop

(actually touches only on

floppies)

settling time

(ms)

4. data transfer

copy data to main memory

data transfer rate

(kbs)

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Removable Disk Drives: PortableRemovable Disk Drives: Portable

StorageStorageAlongwith a harddiskdrive,somecomputershave a removablediskdrive. (Astandard 3 1/2''floppydiskonlyholds 1.44MB ofdata.)

Ifyouwanttotransferdata fromonePCto another,there are bettertechnologies availablesuch asUSBkeychaindrives,whichuseflash

memorytostoreseveral hundredmegsofdata in a deviceyoucanholdinthepalmofyourhand.

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CDCD--ROM Drives: Storage on a DiscROM Drives: Storage on a Disc

Informationisencoded at a disc-manufacturingplant,using anindustrial-grade laser.

Data isreadfromtheCD-ROMvia a

drivethatuses a consumer-gradelaser.

Bytheway,theROMpartofCD-ROMmeansthatyoucanonlyreaddata fromthedisk;unlikenormal

harddisks anddiskettes,youcan'twritenewdata to a standardCD-ROM.

However,recordable (CD-R) andrewritable (CD-RW)drives areavailablethatdo letyouwritedatatoCD.

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DVD Drives: Even More Storage on aDVD Drives: Even More Storage on a

DiscDiscDVDscancontainupto 4.7GB ofdata (for a single-layerdisc)or 8.5GB ofdata (for a double-layerdisc).SimilartostandardCD-ROMs,mostDVDs areread-

only although allDVDdrivescan alsoreadCD-ROMs.In addition,mostDVDdrivesplayfull-lengthDVDmovies,whichturnsyourPCinto aminimoviemachine.And, just asthere arerecordableCD-ROM

drives,youcan alsofindrecordableDVDdrives,whichletyourecord anentiremovieon a singledisc.

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Keyboards: Fingertip InputKeyboards: Fingertip Input

A computer keyboard, looks and

functions just like a typewriter

keyboard, except that computer

keyboards have a few more keys.

Some of these keys (such as the

arrow, PgUp, PgDn, Home, and Endkeys) enable you to move around

within a program or file.

Other keys provide access to special

program features. When you press a

key on your keyboard, it sends an

electronic signal to your system unit

that tells your machine what you want

it to do.

Most keyboards that come with new

PCs hook up via a cable to the back of

your system unit or wireless.

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Mice: PointMice: Point--andand--Click Input DevicesClick Input Devices

Acomputermouse,is asmall handhelddevice.

Micecomein all shapes

andsizes.Somehavewires, andsome arewireless.

Trackballs, joysticks,gamecontrollers, andpenpads all count asinputdevices.

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Modems: GettingConnectedModems: GettingConnected

Enablesyourcomputerto

connecttotelephone linesandtransmitdata to andfromtheInternet andcommercial online

services.

Most broadbandmodemsconnecttoyourPCeither

viaUSB orvia an Ethernetconnection.

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CRT and LCD Monitor

14, 15, 17, 21

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Printers: Making HardCopiesPrinters: Making HardCopies

DotMatrix

InkjetPrinter

LasetPrinter

CombinationwithscanandfaxPrinter

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LaptopLaptop PCsLightweightPCsLightweightAllAll--inin--OneOneSystemsSystems

LaptopPCs,feature aflip-up LCDscreen.

All laptopPCsinclude

somesortofbuilt-inpointingdevice.

Small sizes and lightweight.

Operateon batterypower.

More Expensive