Notes

Chapter 1

1. John. L. Jackson, Harlemworld: Doing Race and Class in Contemporary Black America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003).

2. New York Times (December 4, 1986). 3. Mitch Duneier, Sidewalk (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000). 4. Douglas Harper, Working Knowledge: Skill and Community in a Small Shop (Chi-

cago: University of Chicago Press, 1987). 5. Peter Bearman, Doormen: Fieldwork Encounters and Discoveries (Chicago: Uni-

versity of Chicago Press, 2005). 6. Sinclair Drake and Horace Cayton, Black Metropolis, vol. 2 (New York: Harcourt

Brace Jovanovich, 1945), 772. 7. Gilbert Osofsky, Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto: Negro New York, 1890– 1930

(New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 166. 8. Andrew Alpern, Apartments for the Affluent: A Historical Survey of Buildings in

New York (New York: McGraw- Hill, 1975). 9. Gunther Barth, City People (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 53. 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. 12. Andrew S. Dolkart, The Biography of a Lower East Side Tenement: 97 Orchard

Street, Tenement Design and Tenement Reform in New York City (Chicago: Univer-sity of Chicago Press, 2001), 32.

13. Osofsky, Harlem, 53. 14. See James Weldon Johnson, Black Manhattan (New York: Alfred A. Knopf,

1930). 15. See Tenement Law Act of 1867.

Chapter 2

1. Sharon Zukin, Naked City: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 231.

2. Terry Williams and William Kornblum, Growing up Poor (New York: Lexington Books, 1985), 47.

3. Ray Oldenberg, The Great Good Place (New York: Marlowe, 1989). 4. Charles Dickens, American Notes (London: Penguin, 1842), 138.

222 �� Notes

5. Roger C. Hartman, America’s Housing Crisis: What Is to Be Done? (Boston: Rout-ledge, 1983).

6. See E. C. Hughes, Men and Their Work (New York: Free Press, 1958). 7. Ibid., 43. 8. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (New York: Random House, 1952), 262. 9. Philippe Bourgois, In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio (New York:

Cambridge, 1996), 164. 10. See Terry Williams and Trevor Milton, Con Men: Hustling in New York (New

York: Columbia University Press, 2015), chapter on “New York Tenant Hustles.”

Chapter 3

1. Ray Gold, “Janitors versus Tenants: A Status- Income Dilemma,” American Jour-nal of Sociology 57, no. 5 (March 1952): 486– 93.

2. Nathan Joseph and Nicholas Alex, “The Uniform: A Sociological Perspective,” American Journal of Sociology 77, no. 4 (1972): 720.

3. John Logan and Harvey Molotch, Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (Oakland: University of California Press, 1987), 79.

4. Sharon Zukin, Loft Living: Culture and Capital in Urban Change (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982).

5. Neil Smith, The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City (New York: Routledge, 1996).

6. Blake Ashforth and Ronald Humphrey, “Emotional Labor in Service Roles: The Influence of Identity,” Academy of Management Review 18, no. 1 (1993): 88– 115.

7. V. A. Zeithaml, A. Parasuraman, and L. L. Berry, Delivering Quality Service: Bal-ancing Customer Perceptions and Expectations (New York: Free Press, 1990).

8. Arlie Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feelings (Oakland: University of California Press, 1983), 7.

9. H. Frankfurt, On Bullshitting (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005), 54.

10. Robin Nagle, Picking Up: On the Streets and behind the Trucks with the Sanitation Workers of New York City (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013).

11. Hughes, Men and Their Work, 88. 12. Kyle Nelson, “Ditmars Park, Cortelyou Road and the Planned Community,”

unpublished paper, 2013. 13. Elijah Anderson, A Place on the Corner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

1978); Sherri Cavan, Liquor License (Chicago: Aldine, 1966). 14. Logan and Molotch, Urban Fortunes, 153. 15. Also see Sarah Daynes and Orville Lee, Desire for Race (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2008). 16. Everett C. Hughes, “Mistakes at Work,” Canadian Journal of Economic and Polit-

ical Science 17, no. 3 (August 1951): 320– 27.

Notes � 223

Chapter 4

1. Osofsky, Harlem, 347. 2. Douglas Harper, Working Knowledge (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

1987), 18. 3. Encyclopedia Britannica, 13th Edition. 4. Morris Kleiner, Licensing Occupations: Ensuring Quality or Restricting Com-

petition? (Kalamazoo, MI: W. E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, 2006), 1.

5. For a summary of state licensing laws, see David Mitchell, “Undermining Indi-vidual and Collective Citizenship: The Impact of Exclusion Laws on the African- American Community,” Fordham Urban Law Journal 34 (2007): 833, 850– 52, 855, 879, and 882.

6. Kleiner, Licensing Occupations, 105. 7. George Friedmann, The Anatomy of Work (New York: Free Press, 1961), 12. 8. Bearman, Doormen, 132. 9. Tim Pachirat, Every Eleven Seconds: Industrialized Slaughter and the Politics of

Sight (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011). 10. Harry Wolcott, The Man in the Principal’s Office (Lanham, MD: Altamira,

1973), 168.

Chapter 6

1. Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 2000).

2. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1991).

3. Zukin, Loft Living. 4. Elijah Anderson, The Cosmopolitan Canopy: Race and Civility in Everyday Life

(New York: W. W. Norton, 2011). 5. Drake and Cayton, Black Metropolis, 576. 6. Eleanor J. Bader, “New York Activists Mobilize for Rights to Counsel in Evic-

tion,” Truthout (January 2015), http:// www .truth -out .org/ news/ item/ 28318 -new -york -activists -mobilize -for -right -to -counsel -in -eviction.

7. Kathe Newman and Elvin K. Wyly, “The Right to Stay and Resistance to Dis-placement in New York City,” Urban Studies 43, no. 1 (January 2006): 23– 57. See also Richard LeGates and Chester Hartman, “The Anatomy of Displacement in the United States,” in The Gentrification of the City, ed. N. Smith and P. Wil-liams, 178– 200 (Boston, MA: Allen and Unwin, 1986), 194.

8. Ruth Glass, Aspects of Change (London: Macgibbon and Kee, 1964), xviii. 9. Sarah Schulman, Gentrification of the Mind: Witness to Lost Imagination (Los

Angeles: University of California Press, 2013). 10. Jean Paul Getty, As I See It: The Autobiography of J. Paul Getty (Los Angeles: Getty,

1976). This quote is also attributed to J. P. Getty by columnist Earl Wilson. 11. Ibid., 28. 12. Smith, New Urban Frontier.

224 �� Notes

Chapter 7

1. Jane Jacobs, The Life and Death of Great American Cities (New York: Vintage Books, 1961), 187.

2. Talcott Parsons, The Social System (New York: Free Press, 1951). 3. Ibid., 67. 4. Logan and Molotch, Urban Fortunes, 2. 5. Robert Park and Ernest Burgess, The City: Suggestions for Investigations of Human

Behavior in the Urban Environment (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1925).

6. Mindy Thompson Fullilove, Root Shock (New York: Random House, 2009). 7. See Susan Strasser, Waste and Want: A Social History of Trash (New York: Owl

Books, Henry Holt and Company, 1999); and Mary Douglas, Purity and Dan-ger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (London: Routledge, Kegan and Paul, 1966).

8. Gold, “Janitors versus Tenants,” 488. 9. Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States

(New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).

Chapter 8

1. Jackson, Harlemworld, 121. 2. “Resident Data Summary,” New York Housing Authority (January 1, 2014),

http:// www .nyc .gov/ html/ nycha/ html/ resources/ res _data .shtml. 3. Terry Williams and William Kornblum, The Uptown Kids: Struggle and Hope in

the Projects (New York: Putnam, 1994). 4. Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the

Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993), 94. 5. William J. Wilson, More than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner City

(New York: W. W. Norton, 2009), 258. 6. Loïc Wacquant, Prisons of Poverty (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,

2009), 8. 7. Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, 8. 8. Ibid. 9. Ibid., 18. 10. Ibid., 74. 11. Ibid., 138. 12. Claude S. Fischer, To Dwell among Friends: Personal Networks in Town and City

(Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1982), 275–76. 13. James S. Duncan, “Men without Property: The Tramps Classification and Uses

of Urban Space,” in The Urban Sociology Reader, ed. Jan Lin and Christopher Mele (New York: Routledge, 2012), 166.

14. Cornel West, Keynote Speech, Lesley College Diversity Day, Cambridge, MA, October 1996.

Notes � 225

Chapter 9

1. Emerson, Fretz, and Shaw, Writing Ethnographic Field Notes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 67.

2. Arlene Davila, Barrio Dreams: Puerto Ricans, Latinos, and the Neoliberal City (Berkeley: University of California, 2004).

3. William J. Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).

4. Loïc Wacquant, Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Sociology of Advanced Marginal-ity (London: Polity Press, 2007); Prisons of Poverty (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 2009); Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009).

5. Elijah Anderson, Code of the Street: Decency, Violence and Moral Life of the Inner City (New York: W. W. Norton, 1999).

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Abbamonte, Tony Boy, 86Abyssinian Baptist Church, 19acts of becoming, 4affordable housing, 44, 84African American Day parade, 40African Diaspora, 208African Mart, 59airlines job, 51Alex, Nicholas, 58Allan, 13, 24, 62, 68, 117, 203, 211

condos and co- ops comment of, 99co- op building of, 57daily worksheet of, 100East Harlem neighborhood of, 197– 98Madison Avenue Apartment

Corporation and, 64– 65service orders of, 66, 72super’s people skills and, 70– 71super’s typical day from, 71– 72work schedule of, 66– 67

Allen, William, 42Almack’s Dance Hall, 41Almonds, John, 149, 150American Apartheid (Massey and

Denton), 192, 212American Federation of Labor, 148American Notes (Dickens), 41Amy Ruth’s restaurant, 160Anderson, Elijah, 38, 81, 82, 149, 192,

213– 14Angel (plumbing supply business),

216– 17apartments

co- op building purchase of, 110– 11, 127

co- op building’s unsold, 134courtyard, 17economic viability of, 15– 16ex- drug addicts in, 218– 19landowners inspecting, 172– 73rent- controlled, 60, 133, 136– 37rent- free, 30, 117rent- stabilization, 79, 132– 35spread of, 16– 17super’s access to, 184See also housing

apprenticeships, 23– 24, 42, 105– 6, 113Apthorp, 2, 17arbitrator, 110Artimus Construction Company, 147Astor, John Jacob, 15Astor, William Waldorf, 16, 177Athena, 13, 24, 57, 98– 99, 203, 211

airlines job giving confidence to, 51craftsmen comments of, 114first super opportunity of, 50garbage situation and, 182– 83gender issues encountered by, 96– 97job security comments of, 100– 101locksmith job of, 49– 50micrometer used by, 117New York City childhood of, 48– 49reverence of father of, 50– 51super’s profession from, 210tools as playthings of, 48– 49typical work day of, 102– 3union and nonunion buildings, 68as women super, 75– 76, 95– 96work routine of, 114

Auger, Jessica, 217

Index

232 �� Index

Bachelor of Arts or Science degrees, 120– 21

Baeza, Mario, 34Baldwin, James, 2, 157barbecuing, 45barbershops, 38– 40Barrio Dreams: Puerto Ricans, Latinos, and

the Neoliberal City (Davila), 212bar scene, 77– 78, 82Barth, Gunther, 15batakaris, 47Bearman, Peter, 5, 9, 121benefits package, 68Bistro 1018, 84Black Belt, 154Black communities, 39– 40, 44, 84,

208– 9blacklisting, of tenants, 155Black Manhattan (Johnson, J. W.), 20Black Metropolis (Drake and Cayton), 8,

153Blacks, 152

communities forcing out, 59, 75displacement, 159get- togethers and good times of,

159– 60Harlem taken over by, 19heirs to ghetto, 18job security and, 101– 2labor union of, 148as landlords, 111middle class, 193prayer and, 28real estate and presence of, 111street festival of, 148urban area migration of, 193– 94

Blockheads Burritos, 78block- to- block fr agmentation, 10Bloomberg, Michael, 72blue- collar workers, 93Bobby’s Happy House, 162bodegas, 25– 26, 79, 82, 181– 82boilers, 118– 19, 123Bourdieu, Pierre, 113bourgeois civility, 150Bourgois, Philippe, 53, 212– 15

branding, 32– 33, 74Brooklyn, 180Broonzy, Big Bill, 162Brotherhood of Sleeping Porters and

Maids (BSCP), 148Brown, James, 162Brown, Sterling, 2brownstones, 59– 60, 140– 41, 143, 145,

175, 195– 97BSCP. See Brotherhood of Sleeping

Porters and Maidsbuilding management, 9building trades, 42bullshitting, 63Burden, Amanda, 146Burgess, Ernest, 174– 75Burgess zonal hypothesis, 174

capital improvement, 53capitalism, 17, 30carpentry, 115Casablanca Meat Market, 87casitas (self- built shanties), 196, 200Cavan, Sherri, 81Cayton, Horace, 8, 153Cecil’s restaurant, 41census tract data, 199center- city neighborhoods, 44Central Harlem, 116

African American Day parade in, 40bar scene in, 77– 78famous landmark of, 40– 41gentrification of, 8– 10neighborhood life in, 154

Central Park, 14Central Park Conservancy, 149Chandler, Elsie, 197channel locks, 116Chase, Murray, 76checkers, 25children, 9 2– 93churches, 29– 32, 74, 146– 48civility, 149– 50, 198Civil Rights Movement, 194civil society, 35Clark, John H., 20

Index � 233

class, 89, 189– 90, 193Clinton, Bill, 10, 61Clinton and Russell, 177Code of the Street (Anderson), 213Cogsville, Donald, 34Columbia University, 11Columbus- Amsterdam B usiness

Improvement District, 84common sense, 113communications, 105communities

Black, 39– 40, 44, 84, 208– 9Blacks forced out of, 59, 75Craig’s ties to, 41– 42cultural character of, 208data collection in, 6– 7diverse, 17of East Harlem, 195– 97gentrification of, 38modernization process of, 26personified brand of, 32– 33police in, 160poor minority, 26– 27process of change in, 8rebranding of, 74segregation in, 9social exchange in, 173South Harlem, 75supers role in, 5– 6transition of, 181– 84

concentric zone theory, 174concierge, 217condos

Allan’s and Sharif ’s comments on, 98– 99

co- op building’s compared to, 135developers building, 145– 46public housing replaced by, 191– 92supers fired at, 109supers influenced by, 98– 102supers replaced in, 217– 18

conservative behaviors, 90consumption spaces, 61contractors, 103cooking, 49co- op buildings, 59, 129

Allan working in, 57apartments purchased in, 110– 11, 127condo’s compared to, 135Flynn and, 180– 81governing rules of, 133– 34Larry and, 179– 80management of, 97painting rules of, 123– 24Sharif ’s comments on, 134supers’ job insecurity from, 98– 102supers replaced in, 217– 18tenant attitudes in, 183– 84unsold apartments in, 134work hour requirements of, 109

cops, drunk, 214Cortez, Jaynes, 2, 176The Cosmopolitan Canopy (Anderson),

149, 213cosmopolitan feudalism, 26, 111, 161,

208cost of living, 60– 61, 83Cotton Club, 20courtyard apartments, 17Craig, 13, 68, 100, 117, 146– 47, 161

building porter rehiring of, 42community ties of, 41– 42co- op buildings and, 183– 84drug selling and, 47duty to work of, 27, 30jackleg super duties of, 31joke telling in relationships and, 43physical activities of, 27as porter and sexton, 24sense of purpose of, 27– 29sexton duties of, 29shadowing, 24– 25, 32teenage in Kentucky, 23– 24

crime rates, 79– 80, 143Cruz, Celia, 158Cubano Arms, 200culture

communities character of, 208Felicia’s neighborhood, 159gentrification and minorities losing,

165– 66Harlem’s vibrant, 20, 189

234 �� Index

culture (continued )neighborhood knowledge of, 112Old- World, 91popular, 92of poverty, 192– 93of segregation, 195training, 94

daily worksheet, 100Dark Ghetto (Clark), 20data collection, 6– 7, 216Davila, Arlene, 212decentralized database, 65deception, 144De magnete magneticisque corporibus et de

magno magnete tellure (Gilbert), 115

demographics, 3, 81Denton, Nancy, 192– 93, 212Department of City Planning, 146Department of Housing, 65desertification process, 177, 195developments, 20, 34, 145– 48,

163– 65Dickens, Charles, 41Dinkins, David, 3, 38discrimination, 97, 162dislocation, 190– 91displacement, 35, 208

Black, 159from gentrification, 61, 187, 201of poor people, 167, 185, 192, 196revitalization for rich causing, 167in South Harlem, 185– 86See also negro removal

diverse communities, 17doojie, 88doormen, 5, 93Doormen: Fieldwork Encounters and

Discoveries (Bearman), 5, 9Douglas, Mary, 183Draft Riots of 1863, 17Drake, Sinclair, 8, 153draught, 25dressmaker, 49drug- laden area, 87– 88

drug selling, 47, 73– 74, 80, 82, 86, 140drug use, 153, 190– 91, 218– 19drunk cops, 214Dumbbell Plan, 16Duncan, James S., 201Duneier, Mitch, 3Dutch farmers, 14dwelling place, 171

East Harlem, 3, 178Allan’s neighborhood in, 197– 98community of, 195– 97development eras of, 20drug- laden area of, 87– 88five- day notices and, 53gentrification of, 11Madison Avenue Apartment

Corporation in, 64– 65neighborhood in, 214railroads isolating, 19– 20

Eccellatti, Johnny “Echo,” 86economic r ulers- to- be, 164– 65economics, 15– 16, 80Ecuador, 87educational benefits, 68El Barrio, 11electricity, 115, 125Ellison, Ralph, 51emergency repairs, 52, 70, 73, 94, 97– 98,

119eminent domain, 11England, 170entertainment, 3, 34entrepreneurship, 210Equities Operations Organization, 136,

174– 76ethical considerations, 138– 39ethnic segregation, 9ethnography, 3– 4, 38– 39, 48, 113– 14,

204– 5, 212evictions

of Felicia, 155– 56five- day notice in, 52– 53in New York City, 156proceedings, 110super’s role in, 51– 55

Index � 235

Existing Housing Program, 154extralegal activities, 80– 81eyewitnesses, 1

Fair Housing Act, 194families, rent burdened, 7family man, 94family- oriented neighborhood, 186famous landmark, 40– 41faux pas incident, 85– 86feather- steaming p rocess, 107– 8field notes, 207, 219– 20Fields, C. Virginia, 146field stations, 1– 3fieldwork, 212fire- resistant materials, 170First Corinthians Baptist Church, 42, 61,

147, 151first- generation i mmigrants, 89– 90fish, limits of, 12fisherman, 12five- day notice, 52– 53, 156flirtatious encounters, 130– 32Florida, 108Flynn, 14, 24, 117, 203

background of, 129– 30co- op buildings and, 180– 81extra money made by, 120tenant opinions of, 127work hours reduced of, 99– 100

food pantry, 61forbidden zone, 195forgotten zone, 199– 201401K plans, 68France, 217Frank, 14, 24, 117, 203, 211

faux pas incident with, 85– 86middle- class values and, 89neighborhood drug selling and, 86as West Indies immigrant, 88

Frankfurt, H., 63French Flats, 15, 17Friedman, George, 121friendliness, 43Fullilove, Mindy, 177

gang behavior, 45, 87, 149gangster lean, 158garage manager, 59garbage, 58, 119, 180– 84Garden of Eden, 79gardens, 145gender, 96– 97, 100– 101gentrification

bourgeois civility and, 150of Central Harlem, 8– 10of communities, 38cost of living increases from, 83displacement from, 61, 187, 201of East Harlem, 11ghettos and, 166high- rise buildings and, 59– 60minorities influenced by, 159, 182minority culture lost by, 165– 66neighborhood changes from, 36– 38,

98, 158– 65, 215New York City labor, 91police involved in, 152poor people influenced by, 162– 63,

182as profit- driven development system,

163– 65real estate devaluation and, 111rezoning and, 143rich and poor rift due to, 149of South Harlem, 10– 11, 74trade- off of, 78use value and, 157– 58of West Harlem, 11– 13white migration in, 81– 82White people’s attitudes and, 157– 58White people want Harlem and,

160– 61, 196– 97Gentrification of the Mind (Schulman),

161, 164geo- coded file system, 65Getty, J. Paul, 162Ghanaian Presbyterian Church, 47ghettos, 219

Blacks inheriting, 18drug use in, 190– 91elevating humanity in, 190

236 �� Index

ghettos (continued )gentrification and, 166gilded, 26urban, 194

Gilbert, William, 115gilded ghetto, 26Giuliani, Rudolf, 59, 196Glans, Ralph, 65Glass, Ruth, 159Gold, Ray, 57, 184governing rules, 133– 34grace period, 177Graham Court, 2– 3, 17, 33, 176, 178The Great Good Place (Oldenburg), 35Great Migration, 17Green, Cabrini, 192green spaces, 123Grosvenor, Verta Mae, 2Growing up Poor (Kornblum), 33, 215Guatemala, 87Guguletho, 201

Habermas, Jürgen, 148Hammon, David, 145handyman skills, 112– 13, 115, 118– 19,

121hard work, 89Harlem

Black communities in, 208– 9Blacks taking over, 19cultural vibrancy of, 20, 189demographics of, 3development of, 341800s expansion of, 14– 15ethnographic laboratory of, 3– 4gangster lean in, 158history of, 14– 21home in, 2as internal colony, 219– 20landowner investors in, 174, 176– 77land speculation in, 15– 16mental maps of, 178Mexicans in, 218neighborhood transmutation in, 185,

209new, 77, 163, 209– 10

New York City annexing, 15as profitable slum, 111race and class in, 190renaissance of, 210rich elites taking over, 220slums of, 18– 21social life of, 207– 8tourist’s importance to, 61vertical growth of, 16– 17White people wanting, 160– 61,

196– 97White women protected in, 160zones in transition of, 175

Harlem Empowerment Zone, 34Harlem Railroad, 19Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto

(Osofsky), 20Harlem Urban Development

Corporation, 162Harlemworld (Jackson), 1Harlem World disco, 33Harlem Writers Crew, 2Harper, Douglas, 4, 112Hasan, Hakim, 3, 205, 216Haughty (tenant), 181Henry, Mr. (super), 173heroin, 88, 150Heron, Gil Scott, 157high- rise bui ldings, 59– 60Himes, Chester, 2Hochschild, Arlie, 63Holiday Inn, 107homeless people, 149, 196, 200Honduras, 87hostel, 37, 42House, David, 35– 39, 212housing, 44, 53, 84Housing and Community Development

Act of 1974, 154Housing Maintenance Code of Union

32BJ, 109Housing Preservation and Development

(HPD), 31Hudson Realty Company, 18Hudson River, 12– 13Hughes, E. C., 47, 73, 95

Index � 237

human beings, 85– 86, 95Hunt, Richard Morris, 15hustle money, 123hypersegregation, 194

immigration, 88– 90incestuous relationships, 139individualism, 92industrialization, 193– 94information technology, 66In Search of Respect (Bourgois), 53, 212,

215Internal colony, 219– 20interviews, 205– 6, 213Invisible Man (Ellison), 51Iron Workers Union, 121

jackleg super, 31jack- of- all- trades, 208Jackowski, Tom, 174Jackson, John, 1, 157, 189Jackson, Kenneth, 187Jacobs, Jane, 170– 71janitor, 57jealousy, 95Jefferson projects house, 218Jelly’s Place, 81J. L. (business partner), 136, 175, 177job security, 100– 102Johnson, James W., 20, 157Johnson Projects, 197joke telling, 43Joseph, Nathan, 58Judah, Jab, 197Junetta (teenage girl), 197

Katz, Jack, 192Kelly, 14, 24, 117, 203

good and bad tenants from, 137– 38life account of, 211neighborhood changes and, 78– 79, 185neighborhood friends of, 84nostalgia of shops and, 82residential building bought by, 75– 76study criteria satisfied by, 206as women supers, 75– 76

Kemp, Jack, 10Kennedy, Jackie, 2Kenny, Laura, 206Kentucky, 23– 24Kentucky Job Corps, 43Kim’s green grocery and vegetable stand,

74kitchenette, 153– 54Kornblum, Bill, 2, 6, 33, 38, 149, 191,

215

labor gentrification, 91labor unions, 148, 152– 53La Farmacia, 86– 87La Granja (meat market), 172laissez- faire capitalism, 30Lancero (handymen), 45– 46landlords, 52

abandoned properties of, 146, 166Blacks as, 111city giving grace period to, 177getting rid of tenants by, 136– 37money made by, 179painting in colors and, 124power of, 60repairs and, 53– 54super’s relationship with, 54– 55,

62– 64, 119, 128– 29super’s spies for, 98tenants blacklisted by, 155tenant’s relationship with, 173,

179– 81landmarks, 32landowners

apartments inspected by, 172– 73Harlem investors and, 174, 176– 77tenants and, 171– 73, 179

land speculation, 15– 16land values, 166– 67languages, 25La Rosita, 185Larry, 14, 101, 203, 211

building protection and, 140co- op buildings and, 179– 80feather- steaming process of, 107– 8marijuana smoking views of, 140– 41

238 �� Index

Larry (continued )New York City arrival of, 106– 7streetscape maintained by, 105– 6union buildings and, 108– 9

Latino barber shop, 79Leatherman, 116Lion’s Head Pub, 84Liquor License (Cavan), 81Little Africa, 14, 17, 24– 25Little Mexico, 218Little Pepe (person), 88locksmith job, 49– 50lodger evil, 18Loft Living: Culture and Capital in Urban

Change (Zukin), 166Logan, John, 59, 81, 162, 171Lord of the Tunnel, 200Luxury Rentals, 144lyceum, 30, 31– 32

Madison Avenue Apartment Corporation, 64– 65

maintenance job, 107Malcolm X, 59, 157The Managed Heart (Hochschild), 63management, 97Manhattan, 10Manhattanville, 1, 7, 11Manhattanville Housing Projects, 138manual labor, 5, 65marijuana, 140– 41market- oriented strategy, 35market relations, 201Masekela, Hugh, 2Massey, Douglass, 192– 93, 212master craftsmen, 113– 14, 121mediator, 110men, 51Meriwhether, Louise, 2Mexicans, 218Mexico, 87micrometer, 114, 117micro neighborhood, 199middle- class values, 89Middle Eastern network, 91migration patterns, 81– 82, 91, 187

minorities, 26– 27, 218discrimination of, 97gentrification and culture loss of, 165– 66gentrification influencing, 159, 182quality of life reduced of, 159

minority shareholder, 77Minton’s, 146– 47modernization process, 26Modern Rehabilitation Program, 154Molotch, Harvey, 59, 81, 162, 171money (side, extra or hustle), 47, 120,

123, 179mosques, 207mothers, control by, 139murder, in residential buildings, 127– 28Muscoota (flats), 19mutual reflexivity, 164

Nagle, Robin, 65Naked City: The Death and Life of

Authentic Urban Places (Zukin), 212National Organization of Women

(NOW), 51Native Americans, 17, 19negro removal, 159, 194neighborhoods

abandoned properties in, 43– 44, 175– 77

Allan’s East Harlem, 197– 98branding process of, 33buildings protected in, 140center- city, 4 4Central Harlem life of, 154changes in, 78– 79, 152– 53comfort with, 83crime rate in, 143cultural knowledge of, 112demographics of, 81in East Harlem, 214family- oriented, 186Felicia’s culture in, 159Frank and drug selling in, 86gentrification and changes in, 36– 38,

98, 158– 65, 215high cost of living in, 60– 61hypersegregation in, 194

Index � 239

issues of, 151– 52Kelly seeing changes in, 78– 79, 185Kelly’s friends in, 84lower crime rates in, 79– 80manual laborers in, 5micro, 199poverty- stricken, 166– 67preservation issues of, 2– 3public conversations about, 148Sharif and boundary of, 199– 200supers knowing, 8– 9, 42supers privileged position in, 61– 62,

130– 31third place of, 35tourists descending on, 32– 33, 61transmutation of, 185, 209urban social worlds in, 4, 183view of life in, 7White people moving out of, 153window watchers in, 150– 51

New Construction Program, 154New Harlem, 77, 163, 209– 10New Housing Marketplace Plan

(NHMP), 72Newman, Kathe, 158The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification

and the Revanchist City (Smith), 166New York, 169– 70, 205New York City, 84, 124

Athena’s childhood in, 48– 49being a super in, 6, 9crime down, economy up in, 80diverse communities in, 17evictions in, 156Harlem annexed to, 15labor gentrification in, 91Larry’s arrival in, 106– 7

NHMP. See New Housing Marketplace Plan

Night Café, 78Nobody beats the Wiz, 186nonservice occupations, 62– 63nonunion buildings, 67North Carolina, 113NOW. See National Organization of

Women

Obar, Alice, 217Oldenburg, Ray, 35Old- World culture, 91on- the- job t raining, 112– 13oral doctor, 131– 32The Origin of the Urban Crisis (Sugrue),

20Osofsky, Gilbert, 14, 20, 111overlap technique, 212Overton, Joe, 38

painting rules, 123– 24Paris Blues, 77, 158Park, Robert, 174Parker, Charlie, 162Parsons, Dick, 34, 41, 147, 162Parsons, Talcott, 171Pathmark supermarket, 198PCB’s, 12– 13penthouse, 123people skills, 70– 71, 93, 106, 124perseverance, 95personal questions, 43personified brand, 32– 33Phillip (tenant), 180physical activities, 27Picking Up: On the Streets and Behind the

Trucks with the Sanitation Workers of New York City (Nagle), 65

A Place on the Corner (Anderson), 81plumbing, 65, 115plumbing supply business, 216– 17police, 152, 160, 214political activists, 20political awareness, 220poop- scoop law, 152poor minority communities, 26– 27poor people

displacement of, 167, 185, 192, 196gentrification influencing, 162– 63, 182kitchenette living of, 154market relations and, 201public square use and, 149rent increases and, 83– 84rich elites and power of, 220See also ghettos; poverty

240 �� Index

popular culture, 92porters, 93, 98, 101, 105– 6, 213, 215

Craig as, 24, 42job of, 6

poverty, 35, 139, 143– 44culture of, 192– 93neighborhoods stricken by, 166– 67social ills of, 195

Powell, James, 1Power, Adam Clayton, 34, 38prayer, 28prejudice, 89preservation issues, 2– 3prisoner, don’t feel like, 219– 20private sector, 35profit- driven development system, 163– 65properties, abandoned, 43– 44, 146, 166,

175– 77Protestant Ethic, 30public housing, 191– 92, 194public schools, 140, 170public square, 148– 50, 161Puerto Ricans, 20, 74, 86– 87, 89– 91,

157, 207

quality of life, 159

RAB. See Realty Advisory Boardrace, 193

civility and volatility of, 198class stratification and, 189in Harlem, 190

racial discrimination, 162racial segregation, 3, 9, 192, 195railroads, 19– 20Randolph, A. Phillip, 38, 148Rangel, Charles, 34, 162Rao’s, 11Rasheem (boxer), 197real estate, 17, 111Realty Advisory Board (RAB), 30Reed, Ismael, 2relationships

incestuous, 139joke telling in, 43landlord and tenant’s, 173, 179– 81

social, 93supers and landlord’s, 54– 55, 62– 64,

119, 128– 29Renaissance Plaza, 59renovation, 44rent, 7, 51, 83– 84, 119

- controlled apartments, 60, 133, 136– 37- free apartments, 30, 117- stabilization, 79, 132– 35

repairs, 51 – 54resentment, 95, 160residential buildings

competing interests for, 161– 62Kelly buying, 75– 76Larry’s protection of, 140live- in supers in, 31, 117, 151Luxury Rentals and, 144murder in, 127– 28New York requirements for, 169– 70social structure of, 169– 71supers maintaining, 118timber- framed, 170

residential segregation, 191, 193revitalization, 167rezoning, 143, 146rich elites, 220Rivers, Harry, 217Robert (business partner), 178– 79Robinson, Bobby, 162Rodgers, Elizabeth Barlow, 149roof gardens, 123Roth, Philip, 26

sacred vessels, 29St. Joseph Holy Family School, 172St. Nicholas Public Housing Projects,

147, 148St. Thomas of the Apostle Church, 147salaries, 30Salerno, Anthony “Fat Tony,” 86Salvation and Deliverance Church, 60Saunders, Charlie, 157Schulman, R., 161, 164Section 8 housing, 154– 55security companies, 71segregation

Index � 241

in community, 9culture of, 195ethnic, 9hyper, 194racial, 3, 9, 192, 195residential, 191, 193spatial, 193– 94

self- built shanties, 196, 200self- esteem, 93self- image, 92– 93self- worth, 135Seneca Village, 14, 17Service Employees International Union, 30service orders, 66, 727A programs, 76, 154Seville, 77sexton, 24, 29– 30, 41, 44Sharf, Leon, 177Sharif, 14, 24, 62, 117, 203, 211

after morning duties of, 122– 23average workday of, 121– 22condos and co- ops comment of, 98co- op building comments of, 134daily worksheet of, 100emergency requests and, 73as family man, 94family- oriented neighborhood and, 186hustle money made by, 123neighborhood boundaries of, 199– 200neighborhood transmutation and, 185never leaves job, 94– 95sports involvement and, 91– 92super job of, 57– 58, 64, 90– 91supplies used by, 121– 22tenant- super relations and, 132

Shellburgo (landowner), 172shops, nostalgia of, 82Siddiqui, M., 178side hustling, 30side money, 47Sidewalk (Duneier), 3Singh (gas station owner), 11slums, 18– 21, 111Smalls, Alexander, 41, 147Smalls Paradise, 36Smith, Neil, 61, 166

Social Darwinism, 30social exchange, 173social identity, 47social ills, 195social interactions, 5social life, 207– 8social networks, 41social red- light district, 81social relationships, 93social responsibility, 89social structure, 169– 71The Social System (Parsons), 171social worlds, urban, 4, 9society, diversity of, 204– 5sociologists, 211, 216Sojourner Truth statue, 144Soul Saving Station, 42South Carolina, 106South Harlem

community, 75displacement in, 185– 86extralegal activities in, 80– 81as forgotten zone, 199– 201gentrification of, 10– 11, 74

spaces of coalescence, 189– 90Spanish Harlem. See East Harlemspatial segregation, 193– 94spatial triggers, 87sports, 91– 92Sprayregen, Nicholas, 12Spurlock, Vincent, 86Stack, John, 197step daughter, 139stereotypes, 92– 93Stockton, Frank R., 15story- fulcrum, 4street entertainment, 34street festival, 148streetscapes, 105– 6study, 43, 199, 206, 216Stuyvesant, Rutherford, 15sub- chapter (S) corporation, 77Substantial Rehabilitation Program,

154suburbanization, 187Sugrue, Thomas, 20

242 �� Index

supers (superintendents), 173activities performed by, 119– 20Allan and typical day of, 71– 72Athena and profession of, 210Athena’s first opportunity as, 50backgrounds of, 13– 14community role of, 5– 6condos and co- ops job insecurity of,

98– 102condos and firing of, 109co- op’s and condos replacing, 217– 18daily life of, 208daily worksheet schedule of, 100drug dealers compared to, 73– 74evictions role of, 51– 55garbage and, 182– 84jackleg, 31as jack- of- all- trades, 208landlord relationship with, 54– 55,

62– 64, 119, 12 8– 29landlords having spies of, 98licenses required of, 121locating, 206– 7manual labor performed by, 65modern- day history of, 124neighborhoods and, 8– 9, 42neighborhoods and privileges of,

61– 62, 130– 31in New York City, 6, 9no uniforms for, 58– 59people skills of, 70– 71, 93, 106, 124recording stories of, 205– 6repairs and, 51– 52residential buildings maintained by,

118residential buildings with live- in, 31,

117, 151salaries of, 30Sharif ’s job as, 57– 58, 64, 90– 91side money made by, 47single flirty women and, 130– 32technological changes influencing, 72tenants accommodated by, 138tenant’s apartment access of, 184tenants view of, 70, 97– 98Tolton as neighborly, 45– 48

24- hour rule of, 94union and nonunion, 67union’s writing up, 110women as, 48– 51, 75– 76, 95– 96

supplies, 121– 22Sutton, Percy, 162

tax- exempt status, 74Taylor, Robert, 192technology, 66, 72, 120– 21television, 92– 93tenants

co- op buildings and attitudes of, 183– 84

emergency repair requests of, 73Flynn’s opinions on, 127garbage pickup and, 180– 81good and bad, 137– 38landlords blacklisting, 155landlords getting rid of, 136– 37landlord’s relationship with, 173,

179– 81landowners and, 171– 73, 179organization of, 77painting and, 123– 24supers accommodating, 138supers and landlords relationship with,

54– 55, 62– 64, 119, 128– 29super’s apartment access and, 184supers as emergency workers and,

97– 98supers not able to please, 70super’s relations with, 132work cleanliness and, 96

tenement buildings, 19– 20, 178, 195– 97Tenement House Law, 16Thai Market, 78Theresa Hotel, 3third place, 35Thomas Shortman School, 68timber- framed buildings, 170tolerance, 150Tolton, 13, 101, 203, 211, 217

background of, 46rezoning comments of, 143supers as neighborly and, 45– 48

Index � 243

tools used by, 116– 17workday not average of, 119

Tom the Ignoramus, 174tools, 48– 49, 116– 17, 218tourists, 32– 33, 61Townsend, Felicia, 154– 56, 159tradesman, 112traditional institutions, 39– 40trafficking, 46transportation, 19Troupe, Margaret Porter, 2Troupe, Quincy, 2, 157The Truly Disadvantaged (Wilson), 212Tuck- A- Way, 1224- hour rule, 94

UMEZ. See Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone

uniforms, 58– 59, 62union buildings, 68

Larry and, 108– 9nonunion and, 67Sharif ’s super job and, 90– 91supers in, 67, 110See also labor unions

Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone (UMEZ), 34

Upper West Side, 84urban area, 166– 67, 193– 94urban disinvestment, 165– 66Urban Fortunes (Logan and Molotch), 59urban ghetto, 194urban migration patterns, 187urban renewal, 75, 159, 194urban social worlds, 4, 183use value, 157– 58

vagabonds, 201Vergara, Camilo, 145vertical growth, 16– 17Village Pour House, 78, 84

Wacquant, Loïc, 193, 213Warner, W. Lloyd, 8wearing- down p rocess, 155– 56welfare policies, 193

West, Cornel, 201West, Jacqueline, 217West Harlem, 10, 138, 150, 206West Indies, 88, 90White, Bobby, 88White people, 81– 82

gentrification and attitudes of, 157– 58

Harlem wanted by, 160– 61, 196– 97neighborhoods left by, 153

Whole Foods, 74Whut Fuh, 158Wilkins, A., 34Williams, Fritz, 41Williams, Pete, 41Wilson, William J., 192, 212window robberies, 151window watchers, 150– 51Winford, Paul, 136, 174, 176Wolcott, Harry, 125women, 130– 32, 152, 154

gender issues faced by, 100– 101Harlem protecting white, 160as supers, 48– 51, 75– 76, 95– 96See also gender

work cleanliness, 96work days/hours, 27, 30, 89, 114

Athena’s typical, 102– 3co- op buildings requirements for, 109reduction, 99– 100schedule of, 66– 67Sharif ’s average, 121– 22Tolton’s not average, 119

Working Knowledge (Harper), 4working (practical) knowledge, 113– 14Wright, Debbie, 34Writers Crew Project, 191Wyatt T. Walker’s Canaan Baptist, 42, 61Wyly, Elvin, 158

Yesters (Black woman), 152, 154Yunia family, 138– 39

Zahara (Sharif ’s wife), 94zones in transition, 175Zukin, Sharon, 32, 61, 149, 166, 212