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Chapter 1: European Renaissance and Reformation

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What came before 1300? Before 1300, Europe was in a period called the Middle Ages. Between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of all Europeans Those who survived the Plague wanted to celebrate life and human spirit

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Italy and the Renaissance Renaissance: revival of art and learning in Italy between 1300 and 1600. Italy is known as the Birthplace of the Renaissance

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Italys Advantages City-States Northern Italy had large city-states while the rest of Europe was still very rural The plague killed around 60% of the population in city- states. Merchants and the Medici Each city-state had a wealthy merchant class The Medici family was a powerful family from Florence who ruled the government there Greece and Rome Renaissance scholars wanted to return to the learning of the Greeks and Romans

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Renaissance Ideas: Humanism As Renaissance scholars studied classical manuscripts, they began to develop Humanism- an intellectual movement focused on human potential and achievements

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Renaissance Ideas: Worldly Pleasures During the Middle Ages, many people showed their piety by wearing rough clothes and eating plain food Humanists suggested a person might enjoy life without offending God

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Renaissance Ideas: Art Patrons Church leaders during the Renaissance spent large amounts of money for art. The became patrons of art by financially supporting artists

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Renaissance Ideas: Man and Woman The Renaissance Man All educated men expected to create art Charming, witty, educated in the classics Dance, sing, play music, and write poetry The Renaissance Woman Should be educated in the classics and be charming Expected to inspire art but not create it

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The Renaissance Revolutionizes Art Supported by patrons, dozens of artists worked in Northern Italy As the Renaissance advanced, artistic styles changed Renaissance painters used the technique of perspective, which shows three dimensions on a flat surface

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Michelangelo Buonarroti Michelangelo used a realistic style when depicting the human body David and the Sistine Chapel are two of his most famous works

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Donatello Donatello made sculpture more realistic by carving natural postures and expressions that reveal personality David is one of his most famous works

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Leonardo da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci was considered a true Renaissance man He was interested in how things worked Mona Lisa and Last Supper are two of his famous works

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Raphael Sanzio Raphael learned from studying Michelangelo and da Vinci School of Athens was one of his most recognized works

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Sofonisba Anguissola First female artist to gain international reputation Known for portraits of her sisters and also for her portrait of King Philip II of Spain

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Artemisia Gentileschi Gentileschi studied under her painter father and helped with his work She is famous for paintings of strong, heroic women

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Renaissance Writing Changes Literature Before the Renaissance, most writers wrote only in Latin, but Renaissance writers began to write in the vernacular (their native languages) Renaissance writers wrote for self-expression and also to portray the individuality of their subjects

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Francesco Petrarch Petrarch was one of the earliest and most influential humanists He was a poet, and wrote both in Latin and Italian He wrote many sonnets (14 line poems) about a mysterious woman named Laura

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Giovanni Boccaccio Boccaccio is best known for the Decameron, a series of realistic and sometimes off- color stories The Decameron presented both tragic and comic views of life

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Niccolo Machiavelli Machiavelli was a historian and political thinker His famous work, The Prince, was in the form of a political guidebook The Prince is not concerned with what is morally right, but what is politically effective

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Vittoria Colanna Colanna was a famous female Renaissance writer born of a noble family She wrote sonnets back and forth with Michelangelo and helped publish The Courtier

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The Northern Renaissance THE RENAISSANCE SPREADS TO NORTHERN EUROPE (ENGLAND, FRANCE, AND GERMANY)

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The Northern Renaissance Begins By 1450, population was beginning to recover from the Plague As the Renaissance spread out of Italy, ideas became mingled with Northern traditions Many monarchs became patrons of art

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Artistic Ideas Spread German Painters German painter Albrecht Durer traveled to Italy in 1494 and brought Renaissance ideas back to Germany. Hans Holbein the Younger specialized in painting portraits almost photographic in detail Flemish Painters Jan van Eyck developed new oil painting techniques Pieter Bruegel the Elder painted scenes from everyday peasant life

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Christian Humanists Christians in Northern Europe used Renaissance ideas of humanism to reexamine religion and education The two best known Christian humanists were Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More

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Erasmus vs. More Desiderius Erasmus The Praise of Folly, 1509 Poked fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests Thomas More Utopia, 1516 About an imaginary land where greed, corruption, and war have been weeded out

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Womens Reforms Christine de Pizan was one of the first women to earn a living as a writer She wrote many books in French, and spoke about against the lack of womens education First European writer to question the different treatment of girls and boys

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Elizabethian Age Queen Elizabeth I reigned from 1558 to 1603, and she did much to support the development of English art and literature

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William Shakespeare Most famous writer of Elizabethian age Regarded by many as the greatest playwright of all time Wrote Macbeth, Hamlet, and Romeo and Juliet

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Gutenberg Printing Press European printers began to use block printing in the 13 th century, but the process was too slow Around 1440, Johann Gutenberg developed a printing press in Germany Gutenberg Bible was the first full-sized book printed with moveable type

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Setting the Stage: The Reformation The Roman Catholic Church dominated religious life in Northern and Western Europe Over the centuries, many people criticized the churchs power Some felt the Church leaders were too interested in wealth and power

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Causes of the Reformation: Social The Renaissance values of Humanism and Secularism led people to question the Church The Printing Press helped spread criticism of the Church

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Causes of the Reformation: Political Powerful European monarchs challenged the Catholic Church for power Many leaders thought of the Pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority

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Causes of the Reformation: Economic European monarchs were jealous of the Churchs wealth Wealthy merchants resented having to pay taxes to the Church

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Causes of the Reformation: Religious Many people found church practices, such as the selling of indulgences, corrupt

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Martin Luther 1483-1546 Monk and Teacher

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Luthers 95 Theses In 1517, Luther took a public stand against the Church selling indulgences In response to the selling of indulgences, Luther wrote 95 Theses He posted these statements on a church door in Wittenberg Someone copied his words and took them to a printer. This began the Reformation

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Luthers Teachings Luther wanted full church reform. His teaching rested on 3 main ideas: 1. People could win salvation only by belief in God 2. All church teachings should be based only on the Bible 3. All people with faith are equal

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Response to Luther The Pope In 1520, Pope Leo X threatened Luther with excommunication Luther publicly burned the popes decree Luther was excommunicated The Roman Emperor The Roman Emperor, Charles V, summoned Luther to Worms to stand trial Charles V issued the Edict of Worms declaring Luther an outlaw and a heretic

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Response to Luther The Peasants Revolt In 1524, German peasants demanded an end to serfdom Luther disagreed with the revolt The princes put down the revolt, and many peasants rejected Luther Germany at War In 1529, several princes signed a protest against the Catholic church, becoming known as Protestants Charles V went to war with the princes, and in 1555, they signed the Peace of Augsburg agreeing each ruler could decide the religion of his state

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England Becomes Protestant When Henry VIII first took the throne, he was devoutly Catholic His first wife, Catherine of Aragon, failed to produce a male heir Henry wanted the pope to grant a divorce, but he would not In 1533, Henry married Anne Boleyn in secret In 1534, Parliament voted to approve the Act of Supremacy, making Henry head of the church in England

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John Calvin Continues the Reformation In 1536, Calvin published Institutes of Christian Religion, which was a summary of Protestant beliefs Calvin believed in predestination Calvin ruled the city of Geneva, Switzerland starting in 1541

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John Knox From Scotland Set up community churches governed by a group of people called presbyters Followers became known as Presbyterians

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Other Protestant Reformers Anabaptists Only would baptize those old enough to decide to become Christian Thought church and state should be separate Viewed as radicals and persecuted Women in the Reformation Marguerite of Navarre protected John Calvin from execution in France Katherina von Bora was Martin Luthers wife

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The Catholic Reformation Ignatius of Loyola Wrote Spiritual Exercises in 1522 Followers known as Jesuits Pope Paul III Investigated selling of indulgences Called the Council of Trent in 1545 Pope Paul IV Carried out decrees from the Council of Trent Burned books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith

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Legacy of the Reformation Religious and Social Effects Protestant churches flourished Roman Catholic church became more united Many new colleges and universities were founded throughout Europe Political Effects As the power of the Catholic church declines, monarchs gained more power Led to development of modern nation-states