Chapter 1 - Introductionsite.iugaza.edu.ps/mabualtayef/files/RE-CH07.pdf · Economic Issues •...
Transcript of Chapter 1 - Introductionsite.iugaza.edu.ps/mabualtayef/files/RE-CH07.pdf · Economic Issues •...
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1
Biomass Energy
Associate Professor Mazen Abualtayef Environmental Engineering Department
Islamic University of Gaza, Palestine
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Adapted from a presentation by
Professor S.R. Lawrence Leeds School of Business, Environmental Studies
University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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Biomass Agenda
• Bioenergy Overview
• Biomass Resources
• Creating Energy from Biomass
• Biomass Economics
• Biomass Environmental Issues
• Promise of Bioenergy
• Ethanol Production
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BioEnergy Overview
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Overview
• Biomass is biological material from living organisms.
Biomass can either be used directly or converted into
other energy products such as biofuel.
• Biomass is plant matter used to generate electricity with
steam turbines and gasifiers or produce heat, usually by
direct combustion. Examples include forest residues
(dead trees & branches), yard clippings, wood chips and
municipal solid waste.
• Biomass includes plant or animal matter that can be
converted into fibers or other industrial chemicals,
including biofuels. Industrial biomass can be grown from
switchgrass, corn, sorghum, sugarcane, bamboo, or
from eucalyptus الكافور, palm oil. 5
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass
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Global Energy Sources
2002
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Renewable Energy Use
– 2001
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Bioenergy Cycle
http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2.jpg
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Bioenergy Cycle
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Carbon Cycle
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Commercial Carbon Cycle
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Biomass Basic Data
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Solar Energy Conversion
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
1 hectare = ~2.5 acres
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Boiling 1L of Water
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Bioenergy Technologies
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Biomass Resources
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Types of Biomass
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Biomass Resources
• Energy Crops
– Woody crops
– Agricultural crops
• Waste Products
– Wood residues
– Temperate المعتدلة crop wastes
– Tropical االستوائية crop wastes
– Animal wastes
– Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
– Commercial and industrial wastes http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_resources.html
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Corn ذرة
http://www.geo.msu.edu/geo333/corn.html
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Soybeans فول الصويا
http://agproducts.unl.edu/
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Sorghum الذرة الرفيعة
http://www.okfarmbureau.org/press_pass/galleries/grainSorghum/
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Sugar Cane Bagasse
السكر تفل قصب
http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
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Switchgrass التبن
http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
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Olive Residue الجفت
http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
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Corn Stover حطب الذرة
http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
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Wood Chips & Sawdust
http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html http://www.energytrust.org/RR/bio/
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Tracy Biomass Plant
Truck unloading wood chips that will fuel
the Tracy Biomass Plant, Tracy, California.
http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/solar.renewables/page/biomass/biomass.html
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Municipal Solid Waste
http://www.eeingeorgia.org/eic/images/landfill.jpg
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Creating Energy
from Biomass
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Bioenergy Conversion
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Biomass Direct
Combustion
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Heat Energy Content
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
1 GJ (gigajoule) = 277.78 kWh (kilowatt hour)
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MSW Power Plant
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
Video
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Composition of MSW
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
Paper 8% Glass
2% Metals 3%
Plastics 18%
Organics 35%
Other 34%
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Integrated Waste Plant
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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EU MSW Incineration
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Landfill Gasses
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Biorefinery مصفاة حيوية
http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/biorefinery.html
biochemical
conversion
processes
thermochemical
conversion
processes
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Sugar Platform
1. Convert biomass to sugar or other fermentation feedstock مواد أولية مخمرة
2. Ferment biomass intermediates using biocatalysts تخمر الكتلة الحيوية بواسطة التحفيز البيولوجي
• Microorganisms including yeast and bacteria
3. Process fermentation product
• Yield fuel-grade ethanol and other fuels, chemicals, heat and/or electricity
http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/proj_biochemical_conversion.html
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Thermochemical Platform
• Direct Combustion
• Gasification التحويل للغاز
• Pyrolysis االنحالل الحراري
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/thermochemical_platform.html
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Gasification
• Biomass heated with no oxygen
• Gasifies to mixture of CO and H2
– Called “Syngas” for synthetic gas غاز اصطناعي
• Mixes easily with oxygen
• Burned in turbines to generate electricity
– Like natural gas (methane, CH4)
• Can easily be converted to other fuels,
chemicals, and valuable materials
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Biomass Gasifier
• 200 tons of wood
chips daily
• Forest thinnings رقيق;
wood pallets
• Converted to gas at
~1000 ºC
• Combined cycle gas
turbine
• 8MW power output McNeil Generating Station
biomass gasifier – 8MW
http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
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Pyrolysis االنحالل الحراري
• Heat bio-material under pressure
– 500~1300 ºC
– 50~150 atmospheres
– Carefully controlled air supply
• Up to 75% of biomass converted to liquid
• Tested for use in engines, turbines, boilers
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.html
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Pyrolysis Schmatic
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/pyrolysis.html
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Anaerobic Digestion
• Decompose تعفن biomass with microorganisms
– Closed tanks known as anaerobic digesters
– Produces methane (natural gas) and CO2
• Methane-rich biogas can be used as fuel or as
a base chemical for biobased products
• Used in animal feedlots حظائر and elsewhere
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/other_platforms.html
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Carbon Rich Platform
• Natural plant oils such as soybean, corn, palm oils
– In wide use today for food and chemical applications
• Transesterification توزيع الجزيئيات التبادلي of vegetable oil
or animal fat produces fatty acid methyl ester
– Commonly known as biodiesel.
• Biodiesel is an important commercial air-emission
reducing additive / substitute for diesel fuel
– could be platform chemical for biorefineries مصافي البيولوجية
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/other_platforms.html
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BioFuels
• Ethanol
– Created by fermentation of starches النشويات /sugars
– US capacity of 1.8 billion gals/yr (2005)
– Active research on cellulosic fermentation
• Biodiesel
– Organic oils combined with alcohols
– Creates ethyl or methyl esters
• SynGas Biofuels
– Syngas (H2 & CO) converted to methanol, or liquid fuel similar to diesel
http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_fuels.html
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Biodiesel Bus
http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
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Plant Products Platform
• Selective breeding and genetic engineering can develop plant strains that produce greater amounts of desirable feedstocks or chemicals or
• Even compounds that the plant does not naturally produce
• Get the biorefining done in the biological plant rather than the industrial plant.
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/other_platforms.html
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Microbial electrolysis
cell خلية التحليل الكهربائي الميكروبي
Biochemical conversion
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Biomass
Economics
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Economic Issues
• Sustainable Development
– Move toward sustainable energy production
• Energy Security
– Reduce dependence on imported oil
• Rural Economic Growth
– Provide new crops/markets for rural business
• Land Use
– Better balance of land use
http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_integrated.html
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Environmental
Impacts
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Environmental Issues
• Air Quality
– Reduce NOx (NO & NO2 ) and SO2 emissions
• Global Climate Change
– Low/no net increase in CO2
• Soil Conservation
– Soil erosion control, nutrient retention, carbon sequestration تنحية, and stabilization of riverbanks.
• Water Conservation
– Better retention of water in watersheds
• Biodiversity and Habitat
– Positive and negative changes http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_integrated.html
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Heat and CO2 Content
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
1 gigajoule = 277.78 kilowatt hour
1 gigajoule = 947,817.078 Btu
1,000,000 British thermal unit (Btu) = 293.07 kilowatt hour
http://www.onlineconversion.com/energy.htm
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Net Life Cycle Emissions
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Promise of
Bioenergy
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Biomass Infrastructure
• Biomass Production Improvements
– Genetics, breeding, remote sensing, GIS,
analytic and evaluation techniques
• Biomass Material Handling
– Storage, handling, conveying, size reduction,
cleaning, drying, feeding systems, systems
• Biomass Logistics and Infrastructure
– Harvesting, collecting, storing, transporting,
other biomass supply chain elements
http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/bio_resources.html
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Multiple benefits would accrue:
www.bioproducts-bioenergy.gov/pdfs/NRDC-Growing-Energy-Final.3.pdf.
Benefits of Bioenergy
• Rural American farmers producing these fuel crops would see $5 billion of increased profits per year.
• Consumers would see future pump savings of $20 billion per year on fuel costs.
• Society would see CO2 emissions reduced by 6.2 billion tons per year, equal to 80% of U.S. transportation-related CO2 emissions in 2002.
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Bioenergy Forecasts
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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One Scenario
Michael Totten, Conservation International, January 27, 2006
Semi-Efficient, Ambitious Renewable Energy Scenario
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Ethanol Production
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Ethanol Yields
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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Ethanol Production Plant
http://www.nrel.gov/biomass/photos.html
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Ethanol Production
• Corn kernels are ground in a hammermill to expose the starch
• The ground grain is mixed with water, cooked briefly and enzymes are added to convert the starch to sugar using a chemical reaction called hydrolysis.
• Yeast is added to ferment the sugars to ethanol.
• The ethanol is separated from the mixture by distillation and the water is removed from the mixture using dehydration
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Ethanol Production
• Energy content about 2/3 of gasoline
– So E10 (10% ethanol, 90% gasoline) will
cause your gas mileage to decrease 3-4%
• Takes energy to create ethanol from
starchy sugars
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Corn Use for Ethanol
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Cellulosic Ethanol
• Ethanol produced from agricultural
residues, woody biomass, fibers,
municipal solid waste, switchgrass
• Process converts lignocellulosic feedstock
(LCF) into component sugars, which are
then fermented to ethanol
Source: American Coalition for Ethanol (http://www.ethanol.org/documents/ACERFSSummary.pdf)
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Bioenergy Calculation
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Composition Percent % kJ/kg Total
Paper 7.73 16,750 1,295
Plastic 18.29 32,500 5,944
Food waste 26.56 4,650 1,235
Wood and yard 8.52 18,600 1,585 *Others 14.92 15,000 2,238 Ferrous 2.47 0 0 Aluminium 0.06 0 0 Glass 1.93 0 0
Sand/fine materials 14.41 0 0 Other inorganics 5.11 0 0 Total 100.00 12,297 kJ/kg
kJ --> kWh 0.000278 Throughput: 100 tons/day
Thermal Power : 14.2 MW/hour Electricity Efficiency : 7.5 % 5-10% for a "normal" design Nomimal power gen : 1.1 MWe/hour [450 MWh/day]
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Landfill Gas Costs
Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)
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