CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1

Contact, Conflict, and Exchange

in the Atlantic World to 1590

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I. The First AmericansI. The First Americans Maya, Aztecs and Hohokam become early

advanced societies Eastern Woodlands peoples reside between

Atlantic Ocean and Appalachian Mountains Algonquian and Iroquois were two major

language groups Scattered groups were diverse, but similar

Nature-based shamanic religions Importance of kinship groups Economies of agriculture, hunting, gathering ,and

fishing Women and men had different, but comparable, roles in

society

“America Before Columbus”

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Inca Empire and Principal Earlier Cultures

II. Beginning of European II. Beginning of European Overseas ExpansionOverseas Expansion Exploration encouraged by Prince Henry “the

Navigator” of Portugal Exploration and discovery aided by technological

advances Astrolabe Quadrant Square and lanteen rigged sails caravela redondo Introduction of shipboard cannon

“Europe and West Africa in the 15th Century,”

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III. Africa and the Atlantic III. Africa and the Atlantic Slave TradeSlave Trade Diverse West African cultures share common

features Trade links with outside world Conversion to Islam Traditional religion in interior Societies hierarchy dominated by patriarchs

African slavery different from Atlantic slave trade -- social rather than economic

Slavery sustained by plantation system

Africa’s Trade Routes, 15th

Century

IV. Spain and Portugal Divide IV. Spain and Portugal Divide the Globethe Globe Spain and Portugal vie for trade dominance Spain funds Columbus’s voyage to the New

World Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), divides sphere of

influence at 370 leagues west of Azores Portugal controls trade to Africa and India Spain controls most of New World England and France joins into exploration with

John Cabot and Giovanni da Verrazano

European Explorations, 1492-1542

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V. The Spanish Empire in AmericaV. The Spanish Empire in America

Spain explores region from Mexico to Florida Vast majority of natives killed by European

diseases Small, well organized Spanish military forces

overcame native empires Columbian Exchange begins Religion becomes conflict between natives and

explorers Spanish establish imperial government Spain’s New World economy is tied to mercantilism Spanish establish encomienda system

Mexico Under the Aztecs, 1519

Principal Spanish Explorations of North America

Spanish Empire and Global Labor System

VI. Protestant Northern Europeans VI. Protestant Northern Europeans Challenge Catholic SpainChallenge Catholic Spain

Protestant Reformation causes conflict The major Reformation leaders were Martin

Luther and John Calvin French Protestants (Huguenots) had little early

success Act of Supremacy (1534) established Church of

England Spanish Armada (1588) British privateers damaged Spanish trade and

helped establish early British colonies

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Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions Describe the Native American civilizations that

existed before Columbus’s arrival. Include examples from North America, Central America,

and South America. Shortly after Columbus, Spanish conquistadors

explored and conquered a huge empire in America. How was this accomplished?

How did Spain rule its empire in the New World? What part did religion and mercantilism play on the encomienda system?

What was the Restoration? What was its role on exploration of the New World?