Chapter 1. Concepts of Motion - Northern Highlands · 2014-09-01 · Chapter 1. Concepts of Motion...
Transcript of Chapter 1. Concepts of Motion - Northern Highlands · 2014-09-01 · Chapter 1. Concepts of Motion...
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Chapter 1. Concepts of MotionThe universe we live in is one of change and motion. Although we all have intuition about motion, based on our experiences, some of the important aspects of motion turn out to be rather subtle.Chapter Goal: To introduce the fundamental concepts of motion.
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Topics:• Motion Diagrams• The Particle Model• Position and Time• Velocity• Linear Acceleration• Motion in One Dimension• Solving Problems in Physics• Units and Significant Figures
Chapter 1. Concepts of Motion
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Chapter 1. Reading Quizzes
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What is a “particle”?
A. Any part of an atomB. An object that can be represented as a mass at
a single point in spaceC. A part of a wholeD. An object that can be represented as a single
point in timeE. An object that has no top or bottom, no front or
back
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What is a “particle”?
A. Any part of an atomB. An object that can be represented as a mass at
a single point in spaceC. A part of a wholeD. An object that can be represented as a single point
in timeE. An object that has no top or bottom, no front or
back
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What quantities are shown on a completemotion diagram?A. The position of the object in each frame of the film,
shown as a dotB. The average velocity vectors (found by connecting
each dot in the motion diagram to the next with a vector arrow)
C. The average acceleration vectors (with one acceleration vector linking each two velocity vectors)
D. All of the above
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What quantities are shown on a completemotion diagram?A. The position of the object in each frame of the film,
shown as a dotB. The average velocity vectors (found by connecting
each dot in the motion diagram to the next with a vector arrow)
C. The average acceleration vectors (with one acceleration vector linking each two velocity vectors)
D. All of the above
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An acceleration vector
A.tells you how fast an object is going.B.is constructed from two velocity vectors.C.is the second derivative of the position.D.is parallel or opposite to the velocity vector.E.Acceleration vectors weren’t discussed in this
chapter.
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An acceleration vector
A.tells you how fast an object is going.B.is constructed from two velocity vectors.C.is the second derivative of the position.D.is parallel or opposite to the velocity vector.E.Acceleration vectors weren’t discussed in this
chapter.
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The pictorial representation of a physics problem consists of
A.a sketch.B.a coordinate system.C.symbols.D.a table of values.E.all of the above.
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The pictorial representation of a physics problem consists of
A.a sketch.B.a coordinate system.C.symbols.D.a table of values.E.all of the above.
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Chapter 1. Basic Content and Examples
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Translational Motion Circular Motion
Projectile Motion Rotational Motion
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Making a Motion Diagram
An easy way to study motion is to make a movie of a moving object. A movie camera takes photographs at a fixed rate, typically 30 photographs every second. Each separate photo is called a frame, and the frames are all lined up one after the other in a filmstrip, as shown. The car is in a somewhat different position in each frame.
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Making a Motion DiagramSuppose we cut the individual frames of the filmstrip apart, stack them on top of each other, and project the entire stack at once onto a screen for viewing. The result is shown. This composite photo, showing an object’s position at several equally spaced instants of time, is called a motion diagram.
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The Particle Model
If we restrict our attention to objects undergoing translational motion, which is the motion of an object along a trajectory, we can consider the object as if it were just a single point, without size or shape. We can also treat the object as if all of its mass were concentrated into this single point. An object that can be represented as a mass at a single point in space is called a particle. A particle has no size, no shape, and no distinction between top and bottom or between front and back.
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Tactics: Vector Addition
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Tactics: Vector Subtraction
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EXAMPLE 1.1 Headfirst into the snow
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EXAMPLE 1.1 Headfirst into the snow
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EXAMPLE 1.1 Headfirst into the snow
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Average Speed, Average Velocity
To quantify an object’s fastness or slowness, we define a ratio as follows:
Average speed does not include information about direction of motion. Average velocity does include direction. The average velocity of an object during a time interval Δt, in which the object undergoes a displacement Δr, is the vector
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Motion Diagrams with Velocity Vectors
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EXAMPLE 1.2 Accelerating up a hill
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EXAMPLE 1.2 Accelerating up a hill
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EXAMPLE 1.2 Accelerating up a hill
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Linear Acceleration
Because velocity is a vector, it can change in two possible ways.
1.The magnitude can change, indicating a change in speed, or2. The direction can change, indicating that the object has changed direction.
We will concentrate for now on the first case, a change in speed.
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Tactics: Finding the acceleration vector
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Tactics: Finding the acceleration vector
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Problem-Solving Strategy: Motion Diagrams
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Problem-Solving Strategy: Motion Diagrams
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EXAMPLE 1.5 Skiing through the woods
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EXAMPLE 1.5 Skiing through the woods
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EXAMPLE 1.5 Skiing through the woods
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Tactics: Finding the acceleration vector
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Tactics: Finding the acceleration vector
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Tactics: Finding the acceleration vector
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EXAMPLE 1.7 Interpreting a position graph
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EXAMPLE 1.7 Interpreting a position graph
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Tactics: Drawing a pictorial representation
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Tactics: Drawing a pictorial representation
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General Problem-Solving Strategy
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General Problem-Solving Strategy
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General Problem-Solving Strategy
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General Problem-Solving Strategy
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Tactics: Drawing a pictorial representation
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Chapter 1. Summary SlidesChapter 1. Summary Slides
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General Strategy
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General Strategy
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Important Concepts
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Important Concepts
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Important Concepts
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Applications
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Applications
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Chapter 1. Clicker QuestionsChapter 1. Clicker Questions
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Which car is going faster, A or B? Assume there are equal intervals of time between the frames of both movies.
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B is going faster.
Which car is going faster, A or B? Assume there are equal intervals of time between the frames of both movies.
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Three motion diagrams are shown. Which is a dust particle settling to the floor at constant speed, which is a ball dropped from the roof of a building, and which is a descending rocket slowing to make a soft landing on Mars?A. (a) is ball, (b) is dust, (c) is rocket
B. (a) is ball, (b) is rocket, (c) is dust
C. (a) is rocket, (b) is dust, (c) is ball
D. (a) is rocket, (b) is ball, (c) is dust
E. (a) is dust, (b) is ball, (c) is rocket
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A. (a) is ball, (b) is dust, (c) is rocket
B. (a) is ball, (b) is rocket, (c) is dust
C. (a) is rocket, (b) is dust, (c) is ball
D. (a) is rocket, (b) is ball, (c) is dust
E. (a) is dust, (b) is ball, (c) is rocket
Three motion diagrams are shown. Which is a dust particle settling to the floor at constant speed, which is a ball dropped from the roof of a building, and which is a descending rocket slowing to make a soft landing on Mars?
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A particle moves from position 1 to position 2 during the interval ∆t. Which vector shows the particle’s average velocity?
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A particle moves from position 1 to position 2 during the interval ∆t. Which vector shows the particle’s average velocity?
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A particle undergoes acceleration while moving from point 1 to point 2. Which of the choices shows the velocity vector as the object moves away from point 2?
rarv2
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A particle undergoes acceleration while moving from point 1 to point 2. Which of the choices shows the velocity vector as the object moves away from point 2?
rarv2
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Rank in order, from the most to the least, the number of significant figures in the following numbers. For example, if b has more than c, c has the same number as a, and a has more than d, you could give your answer as b > c = a > d.
a. 8200 b. 0.0052 c. 0.430 d. 4.321 × 10−10A. a = b = d > cB. b = d > c > aC. d > c > b = aD. d > c > a > bE. b > a = c = d
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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley.
Rank in order, from the most to the least, the number of significant figures in the following numbers. For example, if b has more than c, c has the same number as a, and a has more than d, you could give your answer as b > c = a > d.
a. 8200 b. 0.0052 c. 0.430 d. 4.321 × 10−10A. a = b = d > cB. b = d > c > aC. d > c > b = aD. d > c > a > bE. b > a = c = d